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2020年3月27日星期五

趁你病,攞你命!


瘟疫蔓延,封關封城,多國進入半停擺的狀態,非必要的商業和娛樂及體育活動也陷於停頓。官府忙於對抗疫症和挽救經濟,老百姓忙於保命或張羅物資。在這種情況之下,依然找到財路的,是頭腦靈活的犯罪份子。具體做法如下:

1. 疫症打擊商業活動,令失業人數急升。有犯罪份子透過刊登(假)招聘廣告,聲稱提供「在家工作」(Work-at-Home) 的機會,而(假)僱主是為對抗疫症而成立的非牟利團體,真正目的是利用受害人的銀行戶口清洗黑錢(英文叫 money mules)。想騙財的話,可以叫受害人捐錢給聲稱由世界衛生組織 (WHO) 或政商娛樂名人牽頭成立的抗疫慈善基金,在網上平台出售防護物資(例如:口罩或防護衣)又得。騙徒會設立(假)網頁,上面的文字或影像資料可以是偷來的,如果受害人不懂得查證很容易中招。如果騙徒來自另一個司法管轄區,就算受害人報警,也不容易追討損失。

2. 另一種以(假)招聘為包裝的行騙手法,是運用手機的視像對話功能,扮面試其實是錄下閣下的面孔和聲音,然後出售給犯罪集團或發展人面識別系統的極權國家,閣下的聲音也可以用來盜取銀行戶口款項(請參考<延伸閱讀>部份所提供的外國真實個案)。香港有學校以疫症蔓延,視像面試比較安全為理由,要求父母替幼兒拍攝錄影片段,然後交給校方參考。萬一那些片段落入壞人的手中,轉售給國產騙徒或跨國犯罪集團,而孩子又不被取錄,即是被佔便宜,明白未?教育界有沒有壞人?自己想。中產家長們,小心!

3. 也有電腦黑客針對最受疫症打擊,被殺個人仰馬翻,高層手忙腳亂的機構或行業發動襲擊,即是:醫療、酒店、旅遊、物流、航空等行業,試圖盜取客戶資料或控制某個(具備戰略價值的)機構或行業的資訊科技系統。廣東話的說法:「趁你病,攞你命!」如果電腦黑客的背後,是某些流氓國家的軍事或情報機關所指使或統籌或訓練,便是發動 Cyber warfare,背後牽涉國家安全。事情的本質:某些流氓國家躲在黑暗的虛擬世界中,對西方國家的民主體制發動網絡游擊戰,或測試新技術或新戰術,或探測對方的反應,也可以是熱身練習。表面上是瘟疫,其實是兩種體制在暗中較量,但無須出動飛機大炮海陸空軍。

結論:保命固然重要,也要保護私隱。正所謂:高手在民間,飯桶在機關。賊公計,狀元才。記住財不入急門,小心駛得萬年船。祝大家身體健康,因為健康就是財富。唉,越寫越似長輩文, Auntie 老了。

插圖來源:互聯網

延伸閱讀/參考資料:

Coronavirus Widens the Money Mule Pool
Riskscreen
By Brian Krebs, Krebs on Security, 17 March 2020
https://www.riskscreen.com/kyc360/news/coronavirus-widens-the-money-mule-pool/
Extract: With many people being laid off or working from home thanks to the Coronavirus pandemic, cybercrooks are almost certain to have more than their usual share of recruitable “money mules” — people who get roped into money laundering schemes under the pretense of a work-at-home job offer. Here’s the story of one upstart mule factory that spoofs a major nonprofit and tells new employees they’ll be collecting and transmitting donations for an international “Coronavirus Relief Fund.”

On the surface, the Web site for the Vasty Health Care Foundation certainly looks legitimate. It includes various sections on funding relief efforts around the globe, explaining that it “connects nonprofits, donors, and companies in nearly every country around the world.” The site says it’s a nonprofit with offices based in Nebraska and Quebec, Canada. The “Vasty Health Care Foundation” is one of several fraudulent Web sites that recruit money mules in the name of helping Coronavirus victims. The content on Vasty’s site was lifted almost entirely from globalgiving.org, a legitimate charity that actually is trying to help people affected by the pandemic.

Another Kind of Outbreak: COVID-19 as Financial Crime Threat
Riskscreen
By Dev Odedra, an independent anti-money laundering and financial crime expert.
18 Mar 2020
https://www.riskscreen.com/kyc360/news/another-kind-of-outbreak-covid-19-as-financial-crime-threat/
Extract: When the World Health Organization (WHO) designated COVID-19 a ‘pandemic’ earlier this month, it understandably left out another concern linked to the outbreak: how financial crooks might exploit it. Whether it is this virus or another in the future, the significant attention and panic that comes with such outbreaks can provide unscrupulous individuals with a new means to exploit others. Currently, statistics on criminality related to the outbreak are limited. Aside from criticising the UK’s response to the viral outbreak, Action Fraud disclosed that it had received 21 reports of fraud linked to the virus last month, with victims’ losses totalling over £800,000. Ten of the reports involved the purchase of face masks from fraudulent sellers. One victim paid £15,000 for the (obviously non-existent) face masks, which never arrived.

The Action Fraud information also highlighted a common scheme that involved fraudsters emailing potential victims and pretending to be from organisations working with the WHO and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The fraudsters claimed to be able to provide a list of infected people in the victim’s area. The victims were then asked to click on links to malicious websites in order to obtain the lists and were at times asked to make payments in Bitcoin. Recorded Future, the cybersecurity and threat intelligence company, released a report that found cybercriminals had been using phishing and malware to target victims in Italy, the United States, Ukraine and particularly Iran. The findings by Recorded Future also detail that, in line with the increase in the spread of the virus, there was an increase in newly registered domain names related to the Coronavirus as cybercriminals potentially realised the use of the “COVID-19 as a cyberattack vector”.

INTERPOL warns of financial fraud linked to COVID-19
13 March 2020
https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2020/INTERPOL-warns-of-financial-fraud-linked-to-COVID-19
Extract: Scams linked to the virus include: Telephone fraud – criminals call victims pretending to be clinic or hospital officials, who claim that a relative of the victim has fallen sick with the virus and request payments for medical treatment; Phishing – emails claiming to be from national or global health authorities, with the aim of tricking victims to provide personal credentials or payment details, or to open an attachment containing malware. In many cases, the fraudsters impersonate legitimate companies, using similar names, websites and email addresses in their attempt to trick unsuspecting members of the public, even reaching out proactively via emails and messages on social media platforms.

Monetary loses reported to INTERPOL have been as high as hundreds of thousands of dollars in a single case, and these crimes are crossing international borders. INTERPOL’s Financial Crimes Unit is receiving information from member countries on a near-daily basis regarding fraud cases and requests to assist with stopping fraudulent payments. Targeted victims have primarily been located in Asia, but the criminals have used bank accounts located in other regions such as Europe, to appear as legitimate accounts linked to the company which is being impersonated. To date, INTERPOL has assisted with some 30 COVID-19 related fraud scam cases with links to Asia and Europe, leading to the blocking of 18 bank accounts and freezing of more than USD 730,000 in suspected fraudulent transactions.

Top Cybersecurity Recommendations Amid COVID-19
BDO United States
March 2020
https://www.bdo.com/insights/business-financial-advisory/cybersecurity/top-cybersecurity-recommendations-amid-covid-19
Extract: Globally industry has seen a sharp rise in cyber-attacks since the Chinese government disclosed the spread of the coronavirus or COVID-19 within China and internationally. Especially, cyber-attacks focused on health-care systems using spear-phishing and ransomware, impersonation attacks combined with business email compromise (BEC) targeting financial systems, supply-chain cyber-attacks focused on re-directed manufacturing operations outside of China, and distributed denial of service (DDoS) cyber-attacks on the energy, hospitality, and travel industries.

With the spread of COVID-19, increased demands for information technology (IT) support services are occurring across nearly all industries, as worldwide employees, students, university faculty, and others are being asked or required to work or study remotely from their homes to reduce the spread of the virus. As a result, nation-state cyber-attack groups and criminal cyber-attack groups are taking maximum advantage to target cyber vulnerabilities in select industries, especially those most impacted by the current crisis.

環看天下:網絡安全專家聯手對付與疫情相關黑客活動
RTHK 2020-03-27
https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1517131-20200327.htm
節錄:在新型肺炎疫情下,不少人在家工作,電腦和互聯網成為重要溝通工具。全球加緊抗疫之際,亦要防範針對醫療衛生機構的黑客攻擊活動。最近幾百名在網路安全領域的高手結成聯盟,合力對抗與疫情相關的黑客活動。這批人當中,包括在微軟和亞馬遜等大型企業身居要職的專業人員。另外,英國近日一款追蹤病人徵狀的手機應用程式大受歡迎,不過有專家關注涉及的私隱問題。

Your voice can be Stolen
Simone Caron, IFPC
International Fraud Prevention Conference
Feb 14 2020
https://www.internationalfraudprevention.com/news/your-voice-can-be-stolen
Extract: The worlds first recorded case of an artificial intelligence-generated voice used to commit CEO fraud. Yes, you read that correctly. Scammers can now steal your voice to instruct people to transfer money into their bank accounts...... It’s the world’s first reported case of an artificial intelligence-generated voice used to steal €220,000.

The Wall Street Journal reported that the CEO of an energy company in the UK (preferred to remain anonymous) was scammed into thinking he was on the phone to his boss who heads the German parent company, asking him to transfer €220,000 to, who the fraudster claimed was a Hungarian supplier. After the third phone call regarding the payment, the CEO began to suspect something was off. After obediently making the first transfer of cash, his “Boss” claimed the money had bounced, asking him to make another payment of the same amount.

The CEO realized it was an imposter when he received notification that the payment had in fact gone through and that the call he was receiving, came from an Austrian number. The company’s insurance company, “Rüdiger Kirsch of Euler Hermes Group SA” said that the investigation revealed that the criminals had used AI voice technology to mimick the voice - even copying his slight German accent and “melody” with which his boss spoke. Although the CEO had realised he had fallen victim to a scam before he made the second payment, the first payment had already been moved from the original Hungarian bank account to a Mexican account and consequently split the payment into accounts in various locations. However, investigators and police are still unable to find any suspects.

20 Fraud Trends for 2020
https://secure.efraudprevention.com/predictions.html
Extract: Fraud makes its way into pop culture and social networks: Popular culture and social media are making fraudulent methods more common and easier to access, leading to more fraud attacks against banks, lenders and finance companies. Fake check scams: Fake check scams are up 65 percent since 2015 and this trend will continue to rise. Most fake check scams involve a job offer, an income opportunity of some kind or involve selling items online. Ransomware attacks: Ransomware developers will make their code more evasive so that they can establish a foothold in a system, encrypt more data without being noticed, and possibly scale operations to other networks.

How North Korean Hackers Rob Banks Around the World
Excerpted from The Hacker and the State, by Ben Buchanan.
Buy on Amazon.
COURTESY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
https://www.wired.com/story/how-north-korea-robs-banks-around-world/
Extract: During the first decade of the 2000s, the US made great progress in thwarting North Korea’s illicit behavior, especially its counterfeiting operation. A law enforcement campaign stretching to 130 countries infiltrated the secret trafficking circles and turned up millions of dollars in bogus bills. In one dramatic scene, authorities staged a wedding off the coast of Atlantic City, New Jersey, to lure suspects and arrest them when they showed up. The US Treasury Department also deployed its expanded Patriot Act powers, levying financial sanctions on the suspect bank in Macau and freezing $25 million in assets.

It should be no surprise that hacking would be one of these. As The New York Times has reported, North Korean leadership has taken care to identify promising young people and get them computer science training in China or even — undercover as diplomats to the United Nations — in the States. Once trained, the North Koreans often live abroad, frequently in China, as they carry out their cyber operations. This gives them better internet connectivity and more plausible deniability of North Korean government ties, while still keeping them out of the reach of US law enforcement. These North Korean hackers have carried out a systematic effort to target financial institutions all over the world. Their methods are bold, though not always successful. In their most profitable operations, they have manipulated how major financial institutions connect to the international banking system. By duping components of this system into thinking their hackers are legitimate users, they have enabled the transfer of tens of millions of dollars into accounts they control. (Auntie 的推介:中國和澳門協助北韓打劫銀行。)

Cyber Warfare: Modern Front-lines
Caleb Townsend (Staff Writer)
United States Cybersecurity Magazine
https://www.uscybersecurity.net/cyber-warfare/
Extract: Cyber Warfare is a broad term that defines a nation state sanctioned attack on a computer system of another country. One accomplishes this by means of hacking, computer viruses, and the like. CYBER WARFARE: FIRST AS A TERM, THEN AS A THREAT. However, in some respects, cyber warfare is a hard term to fully define. Many often view the term itself is as a misnomer, due to the fact that a full out cyber war has not happened before. In fact, offensive cyber actions committed in history have been rejected and disavowed by those involved. Additionally, many experts question what full out cyber warfare would even look like. However, despite these misgivings, a wide range of states, including the United States, Russia, China, Iran, and Vietnam have offensive and defensive cybersecurity operations and capabilities. Actors will often leverage these threats that, in the very least, support more traditional means of warfare.

相關的文章:

「進階版」求職須知 (Part 5)
2019 年 1 月 10 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/01/part-5.html
節錄:無良僱主或中間人收集求職者的個人資料,然後轉售圖利,是常見的港式求職騙局。常見的做法:填完申請表格,叫你回家等通知,之後音訊全無。也許會約你去面試,但是感覺很假,因為對方的表情和語氣似背對白,是有劇本的。對方也許會在面試過程中耍手段,真正目的是趕你走(因為收集個人資料的任務已經完成),把放棄的責任推卸到閣下身上。

教育騙局(二)
2017 年 5 月 8 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/05/blog-post.html
節錄:如果私營的教育機構也不過是一盤生意,香港的國際學校是一個疑似投資騙局。國際學校要求學生家長購買指定金額的債券,而那些債券是沒有二手市場的。如果孩子要退學或被開除,家長會無法脫手(除非找到另一位家長接手而又取得學校的同意),被迫繼續持貨直至到期為止(據說個別的國際學校會向退學的學生家長提供 Refund, in full or in part)。某程度上,是家長打本給學校做生意,而顧客是自己的孩子。

打機兼洗錢
2019 年 11 月 16 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/11/blog-post_16.html
節錄:網絡遊戲容許參與者開設戶口,然後用真金白銀(或信用卡)購買虛擬武器,或累積了虛擬貨幣 (Virtual currencies) 或虛擬資產 (Virtual assets),提供了儲存價值 (Store value) 的功能,作用等同現實世界中的貨幣,但沒有官方認證也不受監管。參與者可以透過交出戶口,或透過(由第三者提供的)網上交易平台或(虛假的)社交媒體帳戶買賣虛擬貨幣或虛擬資產或虛擬武器,從而達到轉移犯罪收入的真正目的。

The Frontman of Rocket Man
2017 年 9 月 28 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/09/the-frontman-of-rocket-man.html
節錄:中國四大國有銀行在美國有分行,如果任何一間被美國的金融監管機構抓到替北韓提供服務的把柄,又或者是替金家成員清洗黑錢的證據,後果可以很嚴重(例如:被美國凍結資產、被迫切斷跟美國金融系統的聯繫、客戶逃亡引發擠提、在香港的股價立即下跌),澳門滙業銀行的擠提風波(2005 年 9 月中)是好例子,請參考<延伸閱讀>部份所提供的資料。

巫婆發功
2020 年 3 月 17 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/03/blog-post.html
節錄:歷史重演,鐮刀幫再次扮演奸角,美國佬再次扮演世界警察,叫人想起占士邦 (James Bond) 電影的劇情。所不同者,今日玩的是一種新模式的冷戰 (New Cold War),透過經濟或科技手段進行,無須下下出動飛機大炮海陸空軍,而香港一如以往是兩個世界的邊緣或磨心。

瘟疫蔓延時
2020 年 1 月 29 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/01/blog-post_29.html
節錄:武漢新型肺炎是天災也是人禍,以及毫不溫馨的提示。它提醒港人,不可以放棄抗爭。一日沒有民選的政府,閣下的生命安全都不受保障。就算過去七個月內你沒有被警暴所傷,也會死於無聲無息的國產瘟疫。當特區政府和中央政府都不可信,港人還可以怎樣?答案:官府無能,民間自救。

27/03/2020

2020年3月17日星期二

巫婆發功


Auntie 是巫婆的材料

3 月 2 日,Auntie 在這裡寫:「武漢肺炎陰影下,恒指還守得住兩萬六……。」

話口未完,3 月 16 日下午恒生指數一度跌破 23,000 點,最低見過 22,942 點,收市險守 23,000 點,報 23,063 點,單日跌 4% 或 969 點,成交增至 1,588 億。港股連跌四日,恒指累計失去 2,328 點或 9.2%。匯豐(港股編號:05)收 $43.8,是十一年新低,距離歷史低位港幣 33 元還有距離,但是已經有股民開始喊驚。

上一次出現同樣況,是 Auntie 出動 The Hongkong & Shanghai Big Crab 插圖(那篇文章是<前記者>系列的第一篇),之後恒指插水式下瀉,也許我不應該再評論股市走勢,否則變女版秋官,被股民埋怨,甚至當女巫燒死,哈哈。

鐮刀幫才是「攬炒之王」

16 日港股暴瀉千點的觸發點,表面上是美國連續兩次緊急減息以及重啟量化寬鬆 (QE),令市場出現恐慌情緒。背後的 Big picture,是共產兄弟(中共和俄共)輸出災難,中共向全世界輸出瘟疫,然後選擇性地「協助」個別國家抗疫(還未計滲透世界衛生組織所帶來的破壞性後果),俄共跟中東佬玩減價戰令石油價格急瀉。中共跟俄共之間,也不見得是真兄弟(證據:俄羅斯把境內的中國人抓去強制隔離以致有港人被關押透過互聯網求救,也有不知真假的新聞故事引述俄國衛生官員指武漢肺炎其實是人工合成的病毒即是中國製造的生化武器)。

鐮刀幫拖累全球經濟,累街坊之餘也互插,一個取你性命,一個害你破財,or both depending on where you are。誰是「攬炒之王」(港式粵語:攬炒=同歸於盡),已經很清楚了。歷史重演,鐮刀幫再次扮演奸角,美國佬再次扮演世界警察,叫人想起占士邦 (James Bond) 電影的劇情。所不同者,今日玩的是一種新模式的冷戰 (New Cold War),透過經濟或科技手段進行,無須下下出動飛機大炮海陸空軍,而香港一如以往是兩個世界的邊緣或磨心。

2018 年底,Auntie 在這裡寫:「中美角力和中共內鬥,都會影響到香港。這是歷史的轉角位,而香港被綑綁在中國的車頭,無法控制自己的方向,內部的社會矛盾又不斷累積,港人的處境非常不妙。」預測準確,又有何用?這是亂世,保命要緊,還寫甚麼股票。3 月 17 日是否「大奇蹟日」(出自 TVB 劇<大時代>的港式財經術語:暴跌之後出現報復式反彈),又有何干?網民說得對,中共似丁蟹,即是:一個不斷為身邊人帶來災難,但永遠覺得自己是對(甚至受迫害)的瘋子。不可理喻,無法救治,避之則吉。

(Auntie 的補白:此文寫於 3 月 17 日的凌晨時份。)

插圖來源:www.fotosearch.com

YouTube 精選:

TVB 劇<大時代>(1992) 主題曲:<歲月無情> (4:45)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lFkDlv0hjc
金牌編劇韋家輝電視台時期的代表作,以股市為題材。鄭少秋改戲路演瘋子兼壞人(丁蟹),藍潔瑛的角色(玲姐)跟鄭少秋和劉松仁有很多的對手戲,她演來毫不遜色,是被蹧蹋的好演員。戲內戲外,她的際遇令人唏噓,叫人想起春三十娘的對白。

延伸閱讀/參考資料:

Coronavirus: A visual guide to the economic impact
By Lora Jones, David Brown & Daniele Palumbo
BBC News (16 March 2020)
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51706225
Extract: The coronavirus outbreak, which originated in China, has infected tens of thousands of people. Its spread has left businesses around the world counting costs. Here are ten key maps and charts to help you understand the impact seen on different economies and industries so far. Global shares take a hit. Investors have been worried about the impact of the coronavirus as it spreads outside of China. Big shifts in stock markets, where shares in companies are bought and sold, can affect investments in some types of pension or individual savings accounts (Isas). The FTSE, Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nikkei have all seen sharp falls since the outbreak began.

疫情教訓:再完善的民主體制也會被「經濟至上」瓦解
黃樂祈
上報 2020 年 3 月 21 日
https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=83446
節錄:既然中國的疫情在一月末已如此嚴重,何以台灣以外的民主國家之反應如此遲緩?如此種種,實在難以純粹以文化因素去解釋。其中一個主因,筆者以為是極端資本主義近數十年「綁架」民主政體的後果。「經濟至上」損害社會的健康。很多民主國家所以事隔近兩個月才開始陸續執行「封關」措施,都緣於害怕此舉有損經濟。畢竟中國遊客人次佔全球 18%、旅遊產值 9.1%,在武漢「封城」之際對中國「封關」肯定會為各國經濟帶來動盪。這對多年以 GDP 及各項經濟數據作為成績單的執政政府自然不利,所以他們才決定繼續對中國中門大開,直至不能不面對染病人數大增及醫療系統幾近崩潰為止。極端資本主義橫行,社會容易只追求經濟的增長,把幸福指數與之「單純」的掛勾,而忽視了組成人類社會的其他重要部分 —— 包括對衛生、生命、死亡等的反思。這是中國「大外宣」在香港反送中運動前得以在國際社會立足多年的原因之一。如果人類在這場浩劫後仍然提倡「經濟至上」,再完善的民主體制也會自我瓦解。

The Coronavirus Has Put the U.S.-China Relationship on Life Support
The effective expulsion of American journalists from China is part of a broader wave of anti-foreigner sentiment.
BY JAMES PALMER
Foreign Policy (MARCH 18, 2020)
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/18/the-coronavirus-has-put-the-u-s-china-relationship-on-life-support/
Extract: Fear factor. The warning signs are flashing bright red for foreigners in China, who should, at a minimum, have an exit strategy — and would be wise to use it soon, especially with flights likely to be grounded globally for months. At a minimum, they should expect their next visa to be extremely hard to obtain — and keep paperwork, especially local police registrations, in impeccable order. Cold War 2.0 ? There’s been a long-standing debate in the China watcher community over whether the brewing U.S.-China competition can be called a cold war. But neither the United States nor the Soviet Union ever accused the other side of causing a pandemic, either deliberately or through neglect. Relations are at their worst point in modern memory and likely only to get worse. Unless de-escalation comes soon, this could be very ugly.

Politics
Trump’s ‘Chinese Virus’ Tweet Adds Fuel to Fire With Beijing
Bloomberg News (2020-03-17)
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-17/trump-s-chinese-virus-tweet-adds-fuel-to-fire-with-beijing
Extract: President Donald Trump for the first time on his Twitter feed used the phrase “Chinese Virus,” stepping up friction between the world’s two biggest economies as each tries to deflect blame for a deadly pandemic.Trump, who has previously called the disease a “foreign virus,” tweeted on Tuesday: “The United States will be powerfully supporting those industries, like Airlines and others, that are particularly affected by the Chinese Virus.” Trump has previously retweeted a supporter who called it a “China virus.” With the coronavirus spreading from China into the U.S. and around the world, both nations are trading tit-for-tat claims about its origins. Hours before the Trump’s tweet, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo told top Chinese diplomat Yang Jiechi the Trump administration strongly objects to China’s “efforts to shift blame” for the coronavirus to the U.S., according to a State Department readout. Last week, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian pushed a conspiracy theory the U.S. army may have had a role in spreading the virus.

外交部發言人稱可能是美軍將新型冠狀病毒帶到中國武漢
RTHK 2020-03-13
https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1514136-20200313.htm
節錄:在北京,外交部發言人趙立堅在社文網站 Twitter 貼文,指可能是美軍將新型冠狀病毒帶到中國武漢,認為美國欠中國一個解釋,要求美國展現透明度,公開數據。不過,趙立堅未有對他的指控,提供任何證據。美國國家安全顧問奧布萊恩,早前指控中方在新型肺炎疫情爆發初期,掩蓋疫情,透明度不足,令世界延遲了兩個月去準備應對。

鍾南山:疫情在中國和武漢首發 不等於病毒源頭在武漢
RTHK 2020-03-18
https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1515327-20200318.htm
節錄:國家衛健委高級別專家組組長鍾南山表示,病毒源頭和疫情發生地不是一回事,新冠肺炎疫情發生在中國和武漢,但不等於病毒源頭也在武漢,目前亦沒有證據,自己也不知道源頭在哪裡。有日本記者問到疫情「吹哨人」武漢醫生李文亮事件,鍾南山以聽不明問題為由沒有回應。

王毅:中方願派醫療團隊支援遭遇疫情國家
RTHK 2020-03-21
https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1515887-20200321.htm
節錄:國務委員兼外長王毅應約分別與匈牙利、希臘及摩洛哥外長通電話。王毅說,感謝有關國家曾為中方抗疫提供寶貴支持。為防止國內疫情反彈,中方對醫療防護物資仍有較大需求,但願克服困難,盡力協助有關國家在華採購需求並提供清關、運輸綠色通道。中方還將通過援助必要醫療物資、分享防控經驗、派出醫療專家團隊等形式向遭遇疫情的國家提供幫助和支持。

Russia’s Ministry of Health refutes misleading online claim that it stated COVID-19 is man-made
AFP Hong Kong (02 March 2020)
https://factcheck.afp.com/russias-ministry-health-refutes-misleading-online-claim-it-stated-covid-19-man-made
Extract: Multiple articles and social media posts viewed tens of thousands of times claim the Russian Ministry of Health confirmed in a document that the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, is man-made. The claim is misleading; the Russian Ministry of Health said it did not make such a statement; the document cited in the misleading posts states COVID-19 is a “recombinant virus” which can form naturally.

The claim was made in this report by Taiwanese news site CredereMedia. The article has been viewed almost 150,000 times on Facebook after it was published on February 21, 2020, according to statistics from social media monitoring tool CrowdTangle. The article's traditional Chinese-language headline translates to English as: “The first official confirmation in the world: Russian Ministry of Health says Wuhan pneumonia is caused by a man-made virus”. The photo in the article is captioned: “Russian health minister Mikhail Murashko (pictured left) signs a document confirming the source of the Wuhan pneumonia is a man-made recombinant virus." The article reports on Russia's measures to combat the novel coronavirus, as well as on China's denials that the virus was created as a biological weapon.

As the West Panics, Putin Is Watching
The coronavirus crisis is exposing the West’s weaknesses—and adversaries of the U.S. and EU are paying close attention so they can exploit vulnerabilities in a future conflict.
BY ELISABETH BRAW
Foreign Policy (MARCH 23, 2020)
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/23/as-the-west-panics-putin-is-watching/
Extract: Mostly, though, the coronavirus remains the only major challenge affecting Western countries. As bad as it is, that’s lucky. It’s safe to assume that Putin and his colleagues are watching the bedlam in Europe and the United States with schadenfreude, but more than that, they’re using it for educational purposes. The coronavirus is a perfect opportunity for the West’s adversaries to watch how countries cope — or don’t cope — with a major crisis. After all, an adversary can exploit a crisis by adding a second one.

Now, as the coronavirus ravages Western economies and health care systems, it would clearly be a good time for the Russians, the Chinese, the North Koreans, the Iranians, or any other country with an ax to grind to open a second front. Some second-front testing might already be happening. On March 15, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services was hit by a cyberattack that overloaded its servers with millions of hits, and around the same time it emerge that impersonators have been copying the Johns Hopkins University’s much-used global coronavirus map and loading their versions with malware, thus using a biological virus that’s frightening everybody to spread a virtual one to their computers as well. And on March 17, the U.K. government unexpectedly acknowledged the existence of the hitherto secret Joint State Threats Assessment Team, a government body that monitors foreign spies.

No End in Sight to the Oil Price War Between Russia and Saudi Arabia
Riyadh and Moscow are both betting they can win a global game of chicken over production.
BY REID STANDISH, KEITH JOHNSON
Foreign Policy (MARCH 14, 2020)
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/oil-price-war-russia-saudi-arabia-no-end-production/
Extract: Russia and Saudi Arabia, two of the world’s biggest oil producers, are each making a bet that they are better placed than the other to bear the pain of the oil price war that they set off over the past week — and that they can get what they want as a result. That raises two big questions: Are they able to stand the pain? And what exactly do they want?

For Russia and Saudi Arabia, both more or less dependent on oil sales to fund their national budgets, it was — and still is — a dangerous game of chicken. Russia figured that it could afford to walk away from its informal cooperation with Saudi Arabia and other OPEC countries, even if that meant crashing the price of oil, for a few simple reasons. First, it has tucked lots of money away in the years since the last oil-price crash, giving it a big financial cushion. Second, the biggest losers in any oil-price war, Russia figures, will be high-cost U.S. shale producers; driving the price down would both inflict economic harm on the United States and undermine its ability to wield its favorite tool of international coercion: sanctions. There is one problem, though: Russian President Vladimir Putin needs to spend more. Putin rode the oil boom of the early 2000s to a strong economy and huge popularity — but that’s a harder act to maintain when oil prices plummet.

相關的文章:

瘟疫蔓延時
2020 年 1 月 29 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/01/blog-post_29.html
節錄:武漢新型肺炎是天災也是人禍,以及毫不溫馨的提示。它提醒港人,不可以放棄抗爭。一日沒有民選的政府,閣下的生命安全都不受保障。就算過去七個月內你沒有被警暴所傷,也會死於無聲無息的國產瘟疫。當特區政府和中央政府都不可信,港人還可以怎樣?答案:官府無能,民間自救。

前記者(一)
2011 年 8 月 1 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2011/08/blog-post.html
節錄:2009 年 3 月 9 日,匯豐(港股編號:05)的股價創下港幣 33 元的歷史低位,香港股市哀鴻遍野,股民損失慘重。有香港網民把匯豐的商標改成一隻蟹,英文名字則改成 The Hongkong & Shanghai Big Crab, HSBC(原名:The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, HSBC),寓意股民被綁,有如大閘蟹。Big Crab 一出,股市暴瀉。十月未至,蟹蹤乍現。 Auntie 烏鴉口,罪過罪過。

大時代
2014 年 12 月 10 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2014/12/blog-post.html
節錄:至於劇中主角丁蟹(演員:鄭少秋)的口頭禪:「人惡人怕天不怕,人善人欺天不欺。」則出自清代中葉面世的啟蒙讀物<增廣>。這本書,跟<三字經>、<百家姓>和<幼學瓊林>一樣,是老一輩的識字課本,流傳甚廣。如果你是愛看粵語長片的老人家,會覺得書中的人生格言耳熟能詳。因為那些上一代的處世智慧,早已經被寫成經典對白,然後由吳楚帆、白燕、張活游娓娓道來。

災後評估
2015 年 7 月 16 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2015/07/blog-post.html
節錄:香港股市,外資主導,比較理性。對外國機構投資者來說,接受中文傳媒訪問是浪費時間,因為他們的目標顧客不是本地散戶。怕只怕港股進一步 A 股化以及「小加同志」為接軌而接軌(提示:漲停板機制),洋人覺得太有「中國特色」,遊戲規則對他們不利,於是分階段撤出港股,到時候只剩下港資和中資角力,香港不再是真正的國際金融中心。

金融中心的黑暗面
2020 年 1 月 15 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/01/blog-post.html
節錄:外國學者用倫敦做例子,說明金融業過度膨脹之後所帶來的問題:來自共產主義國家(中國和俄國)的黑錢氾濫,令樓價飆升至不合理水平,金融業跟其他行業爭奪資源和人才(而非支援實體經濟的發展),令實體經濟失去生存空間或被掏空或變成賭博工具。金融業發達有助官商勾結(因為利益交換可以透過金融市場進行),危害民主與自由,加劇貧富懸殊(因為權貴可以合法避稅但是打工仔無法避稅),影響社會流動。

翻身的日子
2017 年 12 月 27 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/12/blog-post_27.html
節錄:這種情緒轉化成影像版的「支那爆炸」或 China Meltdown:中國銀行電視廣告被網民接上外國電影的片段,變成中銀大廈被轟炸,有如被刀劍削斷的竹樹,斷裂倒下。那棟大廈,是國際知名建築師貝聿銘的作品,靈感來自節節上升的竹樹。在篤信風水的香港人眼中,卻是一把三尖八角的鐮刀,是用來收割的,最後是中港一體「攬炒」(港式粵語:同歸於盡),這是小市民對中資的觀感。

Dr. Evil
2019 年 2 月 19 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/02/dr-evil.html
節錄:回頭講搞笑間諜片 Austin Powers 系列,裡面的笑料、情節和造型來自六、七十年代的占士邦電影,很容易找到跟美蘇冷戰相關的元素。例如:奸角 Dr. Evil 穿疑似解放裝,用高科技複製自己(提示:Mini-Me)。如果你熟悉占士邦電影,看 Austin Powers 系列的感覺,就好像熟悉粵語武俠片的香港人看周星馳電影<功夫>(2004),即是溫書、精華版。

V 煞、1812、RIC
2013 年 1 月 1 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2013/01/v-1812ric.html
節錄:其背景音樂,是柴可夫斯基 (Peter I Tachaikovsky, 1840-1893) 的<1812 序曲>(1812 Overture)。古典樂迷一定認得這首樂曲,因為它是柴可夫斯基的代表作之一。<1812 序曲>寫於 1880 年,首演於 1882 年,是為俄國救世主大教堂的祭典儀式而寫的。這座大教堂是為了紀念俄國於 1812 年擊敗拿破崙 (1769-1821) 而建造的,所以樂曲的結尾出現大砲的聲音、教堂的鐘聲以及俄國國歌的片段。

真兄弟
2017 年 11 月 29 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/11/blog-post_29.html
節錄:那些在飯局中教你如何做人,叫你去求官或求財,然後閣下出事就翻臉無情立即切割的,不可能是「真兄弟」,而是把你推落地獄的魔鬼。香港是金融中心、商業社會和移民城市,先天格局騙子多,「累埋兄弟」成行成市,「真兄弟」鳳毛麟角。上述例子,都是牽涉金錢或權力的醜聞,都有笨男人淪為別人的工具、棋子、過河卒、踏腳石。問題是:被用完即棄的那一位,為何淪落到這個地步?

炒埋一碟
2019 年 6 月 26 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/06/blog-post_26.html
節錄:新與舊,幾條線,炒埋一碟,形成亂局。修訂<逃犯條例>(又名:送中條例)的背後,可以是中共的派系鬥爭,同時亦牽涉中美角力。舊的,是特首和建制派的態度。數十年如一日用廢話敷衍、拖延和打發香港人,但是今次已經不行了。新的,是香港年輕人的想法。小朋友明白,不可以再玩和理非非和上街遊行的那一套,因為沒有用。要玩,就要玩老人家不懂的,還要爭取國際社會(及台灣)的理解和支持,香港才有機會找到出路。

自報家門(七)
2019 年 8 月 6 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/08/blog-post.html
節錄:我們應該怎樣定義自己?工作?行業?學校?家庭?政黨、政權還是國家?本土派的說法:港人正面對「身份危機」(Identity crisis),當中國因為愚笨或落後或派系鬥爭或中美角力而不惜犧牲香港,我們還要堅持「中國香港」這身份?君要臣死,臣不得不死?繼續建設民主中國,喚醒欺負香港人的低端大陸人?抑或把握西方國家對中國夢醒的有利時機,跟中國切割,走自己的路?

No more panda hugger
2019 年 9 月 13 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/09/no-more-panda-hugger.html
節錄:外資冷眼旁觀過去的三個多月內,香港的抗爭者得到甚麼待遇,開始明白跟中共交易的代價,就是要絕對臣服及交出靈魂。跪還是不跪?單膝還是雙膝?還是這個老問題。英國人沒有膝蓋或骨頭硬,所以只能向中國的皇帝(乾隆)單膝下跪?那個藉口已經行不通了。那是清朝,今日的中華帝國已經復興了,不會向洋人割讓土地(香港),而是向洋人發號施令。

Beggar-thy-neighbour
2018 年 8 月 15 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2018/08/beggar-thy-neighbour.html
節錄:右翼政客通常乘民粹興起(提示:希特拉+納粹德國),在經濟低迷的日子對付搶飯碗的外國人,是這類人的慣技,中國和俄羅斯於是淪為踏腳石,惡人自有惡人磨,就是這樣。香港股民的看法:美國佬洗腳唔抹腳(粵語:入不敷支),靠印銀紙讓別人替他還債,每隔一段日子便剪羊毛,今次輪到剪中國的毛(提示:中興通訊的罰款),反正我有份養大你,啱唔啱(粵語:對不對)?

進退兩難
2019 年 1 月 25 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/01/blog-post_25.html
節錄:每次中美關係稍為緩和,特朗普(川普)就會採取行動,或徵收關稅或向華為動刀,令到偉大祖國的面子受損,不知道是否應該繼續進行談判。如果中國放棄談判,發火轉身走,事情就不知道要拖延到何年何月何日才能解決。如果偉大祖國硬吃美國佬的左直拳接右勾拳,而沒有採取任何報復行動,但是繼續進行談判,又會被視為軟弱的表現。即是:中了埋伏,進退兩難,處於被動。

燈神
2016 年 12 月 9 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2016/12/blog-post.html
節錄:Auntie 真係烏鴉口!年紀越大,功力越純,我是巫婆的材料。上星期提到黑澤明的電影<羅生門>(1950),轉過頭立即上演香港版,689(梁振英)疑似跣薯片叔叔(曾俊華)一鑊(提示:不准回答可能被 DQ 的四位立法會議員的問題),事後一個特首和三位司長(曾俊華、林鄭月娥、袁國強)四個人提供了四個不同的版本。

Revised 24/03/2020

2020年3月2日星期一

逆周期 (Counter cyclical)?


政治問題透過派錢解決

當特區政府的財金官員引用經濟學理論的時候,你是不可以按照西方人所編寫的經濟學教科書裡面的定義去理解的,否則你會被動機複雜的官僚所誤導,然後抓不住問題的重心,又或者一知半解,但是自我感覺良好。這種情況,在學院派身上很常見,即是那群經常上電視噴口水的財經學者。

因此,當財政司司長陳茂波表示「我決定推出大規模的逆周期措施」,就意味著香港所面對的問題,並非經濟周期逆轉大家要有心理準備勒緊褲頭過幾年苦日子那麼簡單,事情的真相,是一大堆性質不同的遠因近因炒埋一碟(即是:中美關係惡化+中共治港手段+社會運動持續+武漢肺炎擴散),非常棘手。

教科書的說法:所謂的「逆周期」政策 (Counter cyclical policy) 是指官府透過適當的貨幣或財政政策工具(圖)去減輕經濟周期波動所帶來的負面影響(例如:失業或通脹),政府嘗試扮演一個穩定因素 (Stabilizing factor),稍為減輕一下老百姓的痛苦,好讓奴隸繼續當奴隸,容忍資本主義黑暗的那一面,相信明天會更好,跟隨既定的遊戲規則玩下去,而非起來造反。廣東話的說法:「一啖砂糖一啖屎。」(用砂糖引誘你吃糞便)

陳茂波的玩法,並非運用政策工具組合拳出招,協助低下階層解困(證據:保就業是保僱主多過保僱員),而是嘗試用公帑處理部份的政治問題。具體做法如下:

1. 派發給市民的一萬元(港幣)其實是「贖罪券」或「掩口費」或「湯藥費」或「失業救濟」,好讓在社會運動中受盡精神或肉體創傷或失去收入的港人稍為下火。

2. 是在今年九月的立法會選舉前替建制派收買選票的「蛇齋餅粽」(港式政治術語:蛇宴、齋宴、月餅和粽子,即是收買老藍絲的小恩小惠),紅色政客的說法叫「成功爭取」派錢(搜尋:民建聯+張國鈞+成功爭取北極有企鵝)。

3. 把派錢一萬元跟增加警隊開支綑綁在一起審批,迫使反對派議員放棄拉布 (Filibuster)。用錢收買警察繼續打年輕人,來年再派「湯藥費」,自製惡性循環?

一舉三得,不愧「數豆專家」 (Bean counter) ,讀會計的人懂計算。這種人背誦中大新亞書院校歌的歌詞(提示:艱險我奮進,困乏我多情),向錢穆 (1895-1990) 上香的中大校友切勿自作多情。懂得開離岸公司的人跟你報窮?咪玩啦(請不要開玩笑)。

把書本理論扭曲或切割

港式官僚的慣技,是把書本理論扭曲或切割,令事情變成符合自己利益的樣子。

理論不過是包裝,真正目的是方便自己、推卸責任或利益輸送。例如:從「錢跟用家走」這個概念衍生出來的醫療券、學券制或科技券是好例子,目的是把政府應該承擔的責任推卸給所謂的「自由市場」,亦可以是利益輸送(例如:使用政府派發現金券的市民必須光顧指定的服務供應商,而背後的大股東可以是建制派或紅色背景)。

有時官僚會把需要解決的問題抽離政治或歷史脈絡,避談中國因素或共產黨的那一套,把問題簡化成容易理解的會計問題(如何達致收支平衡)。原因?港式思維,離不開錢。例如:香港稅基狹窄加上人口老化,有需要考慮開徵銷售稅 (Sales tax),提供比較穩定的收入來源(擴闊稅基),否則出現結構性財赤。唐英年當財政司長的時候 (2003-2007),拋出開徵銷售稅的建議,代表旅遊零售界的自由黨強烈反對,擱置至今。

真相比較複雜,且讓數字說話。<2020 年財政預算案演辭>提供的數字:2020-2021 財政年度的特區政府總收入預計是 5725 億(港幣,下同),跟股市和樓市的價格走勢和成交量關係非常密切的印花稅和地價收入分別是 750 億和 1180 億,加起來 1930 億,佔總收入的比例是 33.7%。但是股市和樓市都染紅了,價格走勢或成交量脫離了香港的基本因素 (Fundamental),跟經濟循環的關聯程度下降。證據:武漢肺炎陰影下,恒指還守得住兩萬六,原因是紅色概念股佔恒生指數的比重已經超過七成,主要收入來源地並非香港,主要交易貨幣亦非港幣,容易受北水所操控。換言之,特區政府很被動,背後牽涉中共控制香港的手段,是政治因素在搞鬼,並非經濟周期波動。這個道理高官明白,但是避而不談,因為政治不正確。

至於跟基本因素(經濟周期)直接有關的利得稅和薪俸稅,根據<2020 年財政預算案演辭>提供的預測數字,分別是 1309 億和 599 億,加起來 1908 億,佔總收入的比例是 33.3%。餘下的三份一,來自其他收入(1317 億)和投資收入(570 億)。簡單地說,收入來源三分天下,跟香港的經濟周期直接掛勾的收入,也許只佔三份一到一半左右。問題並非經濟周期波動影響收入那麼簡單,會計師陳茂波跟你講「逆周期措施」,是以偏概全或避重就輕。他是真傻還是假傻,自己想。

年輕人對香港未來的想像

從會計思維引申出來的港式官腔:香港需要新的經濟引擎,提供動力和創造就業。有道理,錯不了,問題是:往那裡找?北上融入大灣區或發展創科即是服從國家的規劃?還是本土派的想法,即是發展黃色經濟圈搞經濟層面的港獨,跟中國切割爭取自主的空間?當你見到在主流傳媒寫文章評論財政預算案的中老藍絲專家學者還在爭論政府公共開支超過 GDP 的兩成,是否違反了<基本法>的規定,財政司長是否犯下彌天大罪,我們是否要(發動派系鬥爭)把他拉下馬的時候,在網上論壇(例如:連登)留言的年輕人已經開始討論「光復香港」之後,我們靠甚麼產業養活自己,還是繼續依賴吃北水的金融保險地產?香港有沒有其他產業可供發展?如果有,是甚麼?也有小朋友這樣說:「如果可以早日得到自由,我寧願香港不是金融中心。」聽到未(沒有)?至於<基本法>所設下的各種限制(例如:公共開支佔 GDP 的比例),小朋友當你無到(沒有理會)。

年輕人對香港未來的想像,早已突破<基本法>或<一國兩制>所設定的框架,那是從社會運動中所凝聚的共識,也是用鮮血或生命所換來的覺醒,不容易動搖,而且越年輕越堅定(李怡的說法)。年輕人還沒有爭取到足夠的權力去改變遊戲規則,但是 2019 年下半年的社會運動把不少禁忌都打破了(例如:不可以用暴力抗爭)。小朋友把香港當作一個獨立的個體看待,研究如何開闢獨立於中國市場以外的收入來源。對,香港需要重新定位,社會契約 (Social Contract) 也要重新釐定,當中老藍絲還在討論如何服從國家規劃融入大灣區或發展創科,年輕黃絲卻主張跟中國切割,不論是政治或經濟層面都一樣,這種非常大膽創新但是政治不正確的思維,財政司長不敢探索。預算案沒有年輕人的聲音,原因不難理解,但是非常荒謬。香港的未來是屬於年輕人的,難道官府(以及背後的中共)可以把黃絲全部趕走?還是消滅本土派?抑或加速換血?答案也許是多管齊下。

結論

財政預算案並非單純是錢的問題,而是個非常政治化的問題,事關香港的未來(如何轉型及重新定位)。如果你繼續用會計師的思維看待,覺得追求收支平衡就當完成任務,那是治標不治本的做法,也許可以用來轉移視線或拖延時間,又或者把問題留給下一任,即是權宜之計。財政司司長一職,也許不過是踏腳石。至於那些經濟學理論,甚麼「逆周期」、「滴漏理論」或「自由市場」,不過是包裝,認真你就輸(港式網絡語言)。得罪講句,港式經濟學,教的壞,讀的傻,讀得越久越糊塗。旁觀者搖頭,學院派自我感覺良好,輕者上電視噴口水,重者扮演國師為禍人間(提示:三綱五常)。

插圖來源:
https://swiftmoney.com/blog/how-does-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-impact-your-personal-finance/

延伸閱讀/參考資料:

張建宗:預算案突顯問責團隊決心帶領香港渡難關
RTHK 2020-03-01
https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1511756-20200301.htm?spTabChangeable=0
節錄:政務司司長張建宗表示,本港由去年至今,經歷經濟及社會發展非常困難的一年,在此非常時期,政府運用多年來積累的財政儲備,以「撐企業、保就業、振經濟、紓民困」為重點,果斷務實、「大手筆」推出 1200 億元逆周期措施,包括向 18 歲或以上香港永久性居民發放 1 萬元,以帶動本地消費,紓緩市民經濟壓力。新一份財政預算案,突顯整個政府問責團隊帶領香港渡過難關的決心和承擔。張建宗在網誌說,由去年起,中美貿易摩擦、暴力的社會事件、以至新型病毒疫情等,令香港雪上加霜,構成「三重打擊」。

財政司司長陳茂波:2020 年預算案演辭(中文版全文)
https://www.budget.gov.hk/2020/chi/speech.html
節錄:5. 在準備財政預算案的時候,我將重點放在「撐企業、保就業、振經濟、紓民困」。我明白要應對目前的挑戰,單靠財政資源並不足夠,但善用儲備、支援企業、紓解民困,的確是目前艱難環境下,市民對政府的期望。6. 所以,我決定推出大規模的逆周期措施,涉及超過一千二百億元,盡力回應市民的期望。縱使下年度的財政預算,會出現歷來最高的赤字,但我相信唯有這樣做,才能在市民和企業努力克服難關之際,為大家提供幫助。我會在接下來的篇章,詳細說明。

財政司司長陳茂波:2020 年預算案演辭:公共財政
https://www.budget.gov.hk/2020/chi/io.html

鄧樹雄:提高公營部門上限與理財新哲學
信報財經日報 2018 年 4 月 9 日
www.hkej.com
節錄:由行政長官林鄭月娥倡議的「理財新哲學」,最基本的精神是要善用財政儲備,增加開支;但由於財政預算準則的開支政策列明「政府的目的是把公共開支相當於本地生產總值的比例控制在 20% 或以下。」,以及<基本法>第 107 條亦寫明「財政預算......與本地生產總值的增長率相適應」,均已規限公共開支的大幅增長。任志剛去年 8 月撰文指出,公營部門 20% 的上限(或任何比例)並非<基本法>第 107 條的要求,而「相適應」一詞亦不排除反景氣周期或促進經濟發展的開支政策,為「理財新哲學」提供理論根據。財政司司長陳茂波果然於 2018/19 預算案作出回應,本文試作評論和建議。

雷鼎鳴:怎減少公共開支佔 GDP 比重?
香港經濟日報 2019/03/01
https://inews.hket.com/article/2282924/
節錄:今年財政預算案在理財方針上,顯然延續了去年的擴張性財政政策。公共開支佔 GDP 的比重從過去一年的 20.2%,在來年預計再增至 21.6%,2020 年度又將上升至 21.8%, 2021 更突破至 22.5%,2022 至 22.7%,到 2023 才稍回落至 22.0%。要知道,在近代香港財政史上,只有 1998 及 2003 年度才觸到 22% 這紅綫。但這兩次碰到 22%,政府是被動的,主要因亞洲金融風暴及沙氏年 GDP 過於疲弱才出現,與現在的有計劃地推高公共開支比重不可混為一談。當年的財爺唐英年眼見連年赤字,也許又害怕違反<基本法>,作了重大的努力,把這比重壓下去,但也要到 2017 年度才重返低於 16% 的水平。擴張有違<基本法>原意公共開支的比重擴大,為甚麼是一個問題?世界各地的免費午餐派都會喜歡政府擴大開支,這是因為政府往往是世上最大的「水魚」,她用的錢都是別人的錢,用多了也不會肉痛,社會中的各路利益團體或政客,只要緊盯着政府,向她施壓,便可予取予攜得其所哉,政府掌控的資源愈多,愈是肥肉一塊,真正付出代價的,是納稅人不是政府。此種在民主體制下普世皆然的現象,對經濟並無好處。

MBA 智庫百科:什麼是穩定性政策?
https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/稳定性政策
節錄:穩定性政策 (stabilization policy) 亦稱「反周期政策」(countercyclical policy)。穩定性政策是指政府為減少經濟中的周期性波動而採取的各種經濟政策的總稱。在資本主義市場經濟中存在著周期性的波動。在繁榮時期採取緊縮性財政政策(減少政府支出與增加稅收)和貨幣政策(減少貨幣供給量以提高利率);在蕭條時期採取擴張性財政政策(增加政府支出與減少稅收)和貨幣政策(增加貨幣供給量以降低利率),這也就是「逆經濟風向行事」的政策。政府維持充分就業,物價穩定,國際收支均衡,並使經濟長期穩定增長的職能。這是政府主要的經濟職能之一。但對政府如何行使這一職能,不同流派的經濟學家有不同的看法。凱恩斯主義者認為,政府要主動積極地採用財政政策和貨幣政策來穩定經濟,而貨幣主義等主張經濟自由的經濟學家認為,政府的穩定性職能不是採用積極的經濟政策,而應該是為市場機制正常發揮作用創造一個良好的環境,以及避免經濟重大的變(波)動。(Auntie 的補白:所以港式官僚經常用「自由市場」做藉口,令自己無須做事或只做門面功夫。)

Business Dictionary - Counter cyclical policy
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/counter-cyclical-policy.html
Definition - Government policy aimed at reducing or neutralizing anti-social effects of economic cycles. Such policies encourage spending during downturns, and tighten credit during inflationary periods.

Investopedia - What Is Fiscal Policy?
By LESLIE KRAMER (Updated Nov 21, 2019)
https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-fiscal-policy/
Extract: Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nation's money supply. These two policies are used in various combinations to direct a country's economic goals. Fiscal policy is based on the theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes. Also known as Keynesian economics, this theory basically states that governments can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending.

Let's say that an economy has slowed down. Unemployment levels are up, consumer spending is down, and businesses are not making substantial profits. A government may decide to fuel the economy's engine by decreasing taxation, which gives consumers more spending money while increasing government spending in the form of buying services from the market (such as building roads or schools). By paying for such services, the government creates jobs and wages that are in turn pumped into the economy. Pumping money into the economy by decreasing taxation and increasing government spending is also known as "pump priming." In the meantime, overall unemployment levels will fall. With more money in the economy and less taxes to pay, consumer demand for goods and services increases. This, in turn, rekindles businesses and turns the cycle around from stagnant to active.

Swiftmoney.com -
How Does Fiscal and Monetary Policy Impact Your Personal Finance?
Posted on 02/06/2017 by Mark Scott
https://swiftmoney.com/blog/how-does-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-impact-your-personal-finance/
Extract: What is fiscal policy? Fiscal policy can be defined as the means by which governments adjust spending levels as well as tax rates to influence a country’s economy. What is monetary policy? Monetary policy can be defined as the process by which monetary authorities of a country i.e. the central banks or currency boards control the supply of money by changing interest rates. Fiscal and monetary policies have a significant impact on every person’s finances. Government spending and tax rates have a significant impact on development, employment, social security payments and overall economic growth which determines how much money citizens have in their pockets. The interest rates set by central banks also determine how much money is circulating in the economy at any given time and this has an effect on how much citizen pay for goods and services.

Capital.com - Procyclical and Countercyclical
https://capital.com/procyclical-and-countercyclical-definition
Extract: There are three relationships to the economy that economic indicators can have - procyclic, countercyclic and acyclic, which means the indicator has no relation to the health of the economy. When referring to fiscal policy procyclical means an increase in public spending and a reduction in taxes during an economic boom while reducing spending and increasing taxes when the economy is going through a period of recession. A countercyclical policy would be the opposite - cutting spending and raising taxes during a boom and increasing spending and cutting taxes in a recession.

Investopedia - Counter-Cyclical Stock
By ADAM HAYES (Updated Aug 12, 2019)
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/countercyclicalstock.asp
Extract: What Is a Counter-Cyclical Stock? A counter-cyclical stock refers to the shares of a company that belongs to an industry or niche with financial performance that is typically negatively correlated to the overall state of the economy. As a result, the stock's price will also tend to move in a direction that is opposite to the general economic trend, meaning appreciation occurs during times of recession and depreciations in value occur in times of economic expansion. Counter-cyclical stocks refer to the shares of those companies that outperform or even rise during economic downturns or recessions, making them good diversifiers. Counter-cyclical stocks will also tend to underpeform during periods of economic expansion, when cyclical stocks will do well. It is increasingly difficult to find good examples of counter-cyclical industries as company businesses and their value chains become intertwined.

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中史老師
2016 年 12 月 28 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2016/12/blog-post_28.html
節錄:創校先賢包括幾位避秦新儒家,在大陸變色前夕南下香江,哀花果之飄零,試圖保存中國文化的香火,即是傳燈。據說幾十年前有人教書時罵毛澤東。換了今天,紅色勢力進駐校園兼插手校政,也許教席不保,然後又會有人跳出來唱黃友棣作曲錢穆寫詞的校歌(提示:手空空,無一物),今次應該不是用離岸公司囤地的會計系畢業生劏房波(陳茂波)。

數豆驚魂
2008 年 11 月 23 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2008/11/blog-post_1594.html
節錄:「做會計師好」不過是外行人的誤解,絕對不是 True and Fair View。這個行業最弔詭的地方是,數豆者 (Bean Counter) 每日與公司賬目為伍,卻由於職業訓練以致目光如豆,迷失於由會計法則所建造的迷宮當中,眼中只見一塊樹葉的其中一段葉脈,卻無視整片森林的榮枯。數豆者無法掌握經濟週期,尤其是對轉角位欠缺敏感度,結果是初入行者遭殃。

不是佛利民的錯
2013 年 6 月 20 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2013/06/blog-post_20.html
節錄:教育、醫療和社福三方面的開支被視為沉重的包袱,既然是包袱,就要想辦法減輕負擔,港式官僚的慣技,是把包袱推卸給別人,亦即是:提倡「用者自負」(例如:「個人醫療儲蓄戶口」即是俗稱的「強醫金」)、減少政府資助(例如:縮短資助藥物名單,迫使公立醫院的病人自掏腰包購買療效較好但是較昂貴的藥物),以及鼓勵有負擔能力的中產轉用私營機構(例如:醫療券、醫療保險)。

又見學券制
2016 年 7 月 27 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2016/07/blog-post_27.html
節錄:香港的教育、醫療和社福三個領域,經常都出現這種情況:服務供應長期不足而且質素欠佳,但是政府又不想增加資源投放(因為不想加稅或者害怕出現結構性財政赤字),於是採取一些派錢式或道歉式的措施,讓需求得不到滿足的服務對象(窮人)拿著官府發出的現金券(例如:學券制、醫療券、長者社區照顧服務券),到市場上向私營的服務供應商購買本應由官府提供的公共服務。

配對資助(一)
2016 年 1 月 29 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2016/01/blog-post_29.html
節錄:把同一個概念翻炒多次,應用於不同的政策範疇,是港式官僚的慣技。而其中一個經常被港式官僚翻炒的概念,是配對資助 (Matching Grant),亦即是用配對的型式,由政府撥款資助一些非牟利的行業(例如:高等教育、正統藝術),又或者是短期內在財政上無法收支平衡的項目。配對資助以外,另一個經常被港式官僚翻炒的概念,是「錢跟用家走」。特區政府把這個概念應用於應用於教育、醫療及社福。這三個範疇,佔政府經常開支的比例大約是六成。

配對資助(二)
2016 年 2 月 29 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2016/02/blog-post_29.html
節錄:繼學券制、醫療券、長者社區照顧服務券及長者院舍住宿服務券之後,特區政府推出科技券。靠派發現金券解決結構性問題,已經成為港式官僚的慣技。這一招,勝在不傷腦筋,不牽涉策略性思維,更不會驚動具備殺傷力的利益集團。透過派發現金券,官府把決策的權力及責任,通通推卸給消費者或業界的私營機構,亦即是所謂的「自由」市場。

衍生產業鏈(一)
2018 年 9 月 29 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2018/09/blog-post_29.html
節錄:官僚的藉口:公營機構和私營部門可以相輔相承或互補不足,又或者服務不同的社會階層(即:付得起錢的中產可以光顧私家醫院),官府提供的現金券(提示:學券制、醫療券、長者社區照顧服務券)讓錢跟用家走,引入競爭有助改善服務質素,自由市場分配資源比官府更加有效率,諸如此類。

棺材本托市
2017 年 4 月 19 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/04/blog-post_19.html
節錄:官府替私營的服務供應商製造需求以及提供收入來源,而部份的私營服務供應商會把生意上市。結果是:本應直接用於窮人身上的公帑,又或者是窮人的棺材本,透過迂迴曲折的渠道,又或者是複雜的理財產品,變相補貼某間上市公司(提示:港鐵、領展)。同一概念,改頭換臉,改名換姓,不斷翻炒,打劫窮人,進貢權貴,是香港公共政策的特色。

排污券
2013 年 6 月 28 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2013/06/blog-post_28.html
節錄:如果學券制和醫療券的理念,是透過市場力量(即:錢跟用家走),促進公私營機構之間的競爭,提升整體服務質素;那麼排污券 (Pollution vouchers) 的用意,便是透過提供誘因 (Incentive),令企業主動地減少污染環境,解決經濟學上的「界外效應」(Externalities) 問題。所謂「界外效應」,是指個人的行為直接影響到另一個人,但是無須承擔所帶來的後果(包括好處和壞處)。

排擠效應
2008 年 9 月 21 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2008/09/blog-post_21.html
節錄:有一個經濟學術語,叫「排擠效應」(Crowding Out Effect)。意思是公營部門借貸過多或者投資過度,以致私人機構缺乏集資渠道或者投資意慾偏低。結果是:公營部門擠佔了私人機構在經濟體系中所應該扮演的角色,經濟增長變成由政府所帶動。信奉自由市場的右翼經濟學家會告訴你,官僚不懂市場運作,公營部門的投資決定,通常都是錯的,只會浪費納稅人的金錢。

上詐下愚
2020 年 2 月 22 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/02/blog-post_22.html
節錄:對於迷信「自由市場」或「滴漏理論」 (Trickle-Down Theory) 的政府高官來說,保住僱主等於保住就業,儘管打工仔女都知道那並非事實。香港僱主的玩法,是一邊申請或領取政府資助,同時一邊裁員又一邊請人,即是透過換血壓低成本,務求賺到盡。賺到的錢,盡快轉移,因為香港越來越不安全。

衍生需求 (Derived demand)
2011 年 9 月 19 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2011/09/blog-post_19.html
節錄:(主流傳媒)長年累月替女人洗腦,讓她們為結婚生子而活。與此同時,繼續抹黑和打壓那些特立獨行,拒絕按照時間表和方程式做人的大膽女子。這是主流傳媒的生存之道,因為挑動女人的神經,製造恐慌,方可自保。容易焦慮的女人,成為一個夕陽工業的救星,背後是龐大的商業利益,不難理解。

芝加哥學派
2013 年 6 月 8 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2013/06/blog-post.html
節錄:在香港,要選一個最具影響力的學術門派,一定是芝加哥經濟學派 (Chicago School of Economics)。在特殊的歷史條件造就之下(殖民地時期香港的學術界只能右不能左),這個學派,人強馬壯,根深葉茂,地盤眾多,在香港的學術界以及傳媒行業極具影響力,足以左右公眾輿論的議政方向,以及官府的施政方針,以下將重點介紹幾位有代表性的人物。

露底
2014 年 10 月 17 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2014/10/blog-post_17.html
節錄:一場佔領運動,令很多人露底。 689 、高官、議員和商界以外,還有財經學者。有一位作風很「雷」的經濟學者,以佔中運動開始 (9.28) 之後兩日的股市跌幅,計算出每位港人的金錢損失是五萬元(港幣),認為此乃佔中陣營欠港人的債。這位教授的治學態度,跟勒索金錢的北姑差不多。難怪有位寫財經專欄的「火雞」大學舊生,第一時間跟「雷」教授劃清界線,以免身上的標籤貶值。

Leapfrogging(蛙跳模式)
2017 年 11 月 10 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/11/leapfrogging.html
節錄:如果你知道甚麼叫 Leapfrogging(中譯:蛙跳模式),應該不會覺得用支付寶吃飯、購物、叫車或嫖妓是「先進」,用現金付款是「落後」。新科技的滲透率高,並不代表某個國家「先進」。Leapfrogging(蛙跳模式)是西方商學院理論,意思是:發展中國家跳過較舊的科技,直接引入較新的科技,形成比西方發達國家更高的滲透率 (Penetration rate)。這種現象,常見於電訊或能源行業。

笑話
2008 年 11 月 11 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2008/11/blog-post_11.html
節錄:金融海嘯令大家心情沉重,愁眉不展。是時候苦中作樂,輕鬆一下。今時今日,最適合拿經濟學家開玩笑。以下笑話來自互聯網,就由罪魁禍首芝加哥學派開始:Q: How many Chicago School economists does it take to change a light bulb? A: None. If the light bulb needed changing the market would have already done it. Q: Why did God create economists? A: In order to make weather forecasters look good.

拋書包
2008 年 11 月 1 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2008/11/blog-post.html
節錄:東方之珠從來不是搞學問的地方。香港人能夠在國民黨、共產黨、英國人以及一大群來歷不明、各懷鬼胎的外國人之間生存,靠的是見風轉舵、鑑貌辨色、欺上瞞下,以及兩面食價的買辦本領,不是靠正確理解和詮釋任何學問。開明的英國人容得下各門各派的大師和弟子,底線是他們不能教本地人推翻殖民地政府。而務實的廣東土著只顧搵錢,大部份時間懶得理會這群過客。

學院派(二)
2013 年 5 月 29 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2013/05/blog-post_29.html
節錄:這群港男,很會計數,也擅長考試,所以金融業的專業試難不到他們。但是由於成長階段沒有修讀政治、歷史和文學等學科,缺乏文化修養,視野狹窄、沒有深度,為人也缺乏氣度和風度。跟女人相處的時候,呆呆板板,焦慮不安,沒有話題,又或者斤斤計較,害怕被女人佔便宜。他們所修讀的學科,令他們相信萬事萬物都有方程式,於是欠缺隨機應變、鑑貌辨色的能力。

金融中心的黑暗面
2020 年 1 月 15 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/01/blog-post.html
節錄:特區政府首先放棄了上街的年輕人,年輕人沒有動機守護國際金融中心,也很公平。你拒絕回應小朋友的訴求,卻要求年輕人守護閣下的飯碗和救國救黨用的水喉(粵語:水為財)?這是甚麼道理?金融業重視大陸市場,優先聘請內地生或海歸派,本地生耳聞目睹,感覺自己被紅藍兩個經濟圈所排擠,趁機出氣,也很正常。想年輕人跟你合作,但是沒有提供糖果,你當小朋友傻的嗎?

翻身的日子
2017 年 12 月 27 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/12/blog-post_27.html
節錄:這種情緒轉化成影像版的「支那爆炸」或 China Meltdown:中國銀行電視廣告被網民接上外國電影的片段,變成中銀大廈被轟炸,有如被刀劍削斷的竹樹,斷裂倒下。那棟大廈,是國際知名建築師貝聿銘的作品,靈感來自節節上升的竹樹。在篤信風水的香港人眼中,卻是一把三尖八角的鐮刀,是用來收割的,最後是中港一體「攬炒」(港式粵語:同歸於盡),這是小市民對中資的觀感。

Know Your Customer
2019 年 11 月 2 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/11/know-your-customer.html
節錄:香港的營商環境發生質變,不論是華資、中資還是外資,都需要重新評估在香港做生意的風險,重新審視這個城市所潛藏的權力體制和遊戲規則,也要重新認識年輕一輩的黃絲顧客。華資可以派錢或捐地自保,外資可以分階段撤出香港,但是中資沒有這些選項。

變形記
2015 年 4 月 20 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2015/04/blog-post_20.html
節錄:面目全非,非常陌生。香港人在自己長大的地方,目睹不同的行業,出現不同程度的變異。遊戲規則變得非常複雜和模糊,無法用常理解釋。從特首選舉到官商勾結,到股市樓市的走勢,到日用品的供應鏈管理,似乎越來越多的事情,跟共產黨內部的派系鬥爭扯上關係。中國政治是恐怖的黑箱作業,只有「劣質」的大陸人才會玩,土生土長的香港人註定只能靠邊站。

Disintermediation(非中介化)
2018 年 3 月 28 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2018/03/disintermediation.html
節錄:當中國自以為強大,不再需要香港這個中間人,匯豐有份栽培的首富李嘉誠(提示:和黃)選擇在這個時候退休。可見未來,香港不會再有另一個李嘉誠,也不會再有另一間匯豐,因為英國人的餘蔭已經被消耗得七七八八。至於香港的轉型之路,則受制於畸形的政治制度以及滲透各行各業的紅色勢力,註定困難重重。年輕人找不到出路,起來翻桌子,不難理解。

炒埋一碟
2019 年 6 月 26 日
http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/06/blog-post_26.html
節錄:小朋友明白,不可以再玩和理非非(和平、理性、非暴力、非粗口)和上街遊行的那一套,因為沒有用。要玩,就要玩老人家不懂的,還要爭取國際社會(及台灣)的理解和支持,香港才有機會找到出路。對,老調子已經唱完,那是魯迅多年前在香港演說的題目,因為他看見五四運動對於香港及華南地區沒有太大的影響力(證據:國學權威在港大教書),覺得不滿。

價值崩潰
2019 年 7 月 27 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/07/blog-post_27.html
節錄:站高一點,從反高鐵、反國民教育、雨傘運動到反送中,共通點都是中港矛盾的爆發,都是特區政府出賣港人的利益,都是體制失效令社會矛盾在街頭爆發,都是年輕人試圖用自己的方法,去反擊親建制或親中共的老人。從 2012 年至今,香港的社會運動其實一脈相承,是一波接一波的浪潮,只是導火線不同,但問題的本質不變。

2019 Top 10
2019 年 12 月 15 日
https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/12/2019-top-10.html
節錄:上過戰場的孩子,會有不一樣的生活態度。直到目前為止,年輕人還沒有爭取到足夠的權力,去改變權力和財富的分配方式,但是長遠來說,一定會為香港帶來一些轉變。是否會改變這個城市的價值觀,令香港變得沒有那麼右傾及無情,還有待觀察。抗爭的模式也改變了,城市游擊戰加上網絡輿論戰,成功爭取到國際社會的支持(證據:香港人權與民主法案),也是小朋友的功勞。

02/03/2020