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插圖來源：街頭文宣 (Christmas card designed by protesters)

20/12/2020

 

移形換影

首先 Recap 在＜金山黑錢＞（刊出日期：2020 年 5 月 8 日）中提到的洗黑錢手法：

「想把人民幣（黑錢）轉移到美國的大陸人（例如：貪官及其家屬）首先聽從中間人的指示，向指定的大陸工廠交付一筆人民幣，購買一批指定的化學品，然後工廠會把化學品運到墨西哥。表面上是正常貿易，文件是真的，上面的表述和數字也沒有問題。由墨西哥毒販經營的地下工廠收貨之後，會把化學品加工製成毒品（例如：冰毒），再越過邊境偷運入美國的洛杉磯，出售給美國人，收入是美元（現金），然後交給大陸人在美國的親友或人頭，由後者處理。簡單地說：過程中，毒品變成黑錢的載體，作用是把人民幣轉換成美元，而大陸的化工廠負責人和墨西哥的毒販，就收取手續費或服務費作為回報。」

真兄弟＋洗黑錢＋頂爛市

正所謂：「出外靠朋友」，你幫我，我幫你，有來有往，有飯一起吃，有牢一起坐，要死一齊死，才是（黑社會標準的）真兄弟，對不對？以下的洗黑錢手法，由大陸商人扮演中間人，協助墨西哥毒販把在美國出售毒品的犯罪收入（美元現金）轉換成墨西哥披索送返老家，而中國的銀行系統成為轉錢（國產中文叫打錢）的渠道。根據路透社 (Reuters) 的報導，被捲入洗黑錢的是中國銀行（簡稱：中銀）。

操作方法：墨西哥毒販把美元現金當面交給中間人（大陸商人 A ），根據議定的匯率轉換成人民幣。然後商人 A 動用自己的中銀賬戶，把等值的人民幣轉移到商人 B 的中銀賬戶，而商人 B 身處墨西哥又或者有辦法拿到墨西哥披索。商人 B 可以透過以下任何一種方法把錢送交墨西哥毒販：1. （按照議定的匯率）把等值的墨西哥披索直接交給毒販或對方派來的人。2. 商人 B 用那筆人民幣在中國境內採購廉價的消費品，例如服裝、鞋類或電子產品，然後運往墨西哥出售，表面上是正當的跨國商品貿易，文件上的表述和數字是真的，然後把所得收入（墨西哥披索）直接交給毒販或對方派來的人。如果選 2. 便是運用跨國的商品貿易掩飾洗黑錢，金融業術語叫 Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML) 。

換言之，商人 A 和商人 B 是洗黑錢術語中的 money mule，即是借出銀行賬戶供處理犯罪收入的人，而他們的智能手機和裡面的社交媒體或通訊軟件（例如：微信）則成為溝通渠道。商人 A 和商人 B 得到的回報是按照金額徵收的手續費。為了避開美國的銀行系統，那筆犯罪收入在外面繞了一個圈之後回到墨西哥毒販的手中。要動用中國的銀行系統，原因之一是它在美國的監管範圍以外，原因之二是中國商人所提供的匯率或收費極具競爭力（因為中國商人想要美金，原因大家都懂無須解釋），詳情請參考＜延伸閱讀＞部份所提供的英文材料。根據路透社 (Reuters) 的報導，大陸商人已經雄霸那個（相信是位處美國和墨西哥邊境地區）的洗黑錢市場，擊敗了過去扮演中間人角色的南美犯罪份子（根據路透社的報導是來自墨西哥、哥倫比亞或秘魯的地下社團成員）。中國人足跡所到之處，必定有當地人被搶飯碗，地下經濟也不例外，廣東話叫「頂爛市」，哈哈。

銀行與監管機構的角度

從受害者（中國銀行）的角度看，那筆犯罪收入從商人 A 的賬戶流到商人 B 的賬戶，本質上是 Domestic transfer in Renminbi，沒有犯法，對不對？洗黑錢的過程非常複雜，跨越不同的國家或司法管轄區，而銀行容易被捲入其中，原因之一是銀行通常只看到整個過程的一小部份，未能完全掌握交易的全貌（英文的說法是 Limited visibility），於是在不知不覺間被犯罪集團所利用。如果銀行的內部監控 (Internal compliance) 不夠嚴謹再加上運氣欠佳，被監管機構抓到，要承擔巨額罰款，做很多單生意都補不回，所以銀行會趕走高風險客戶（即是：PEP, Politically Exposed Persons, PEPs）。銀行每日處理的交易成千上萬，但是資源和人手相對有限，要從中抽出可疑的交易 (Suspicious activity reports, SARs) ，然後跟進調查，絕非易事，科技（例如：電腦軟件或人工智能）也許可以解決部份的問題，但是無法根治或清源，再加上科技發展的速度總是快過監管法規的更新速度，今日還有數碼貨幣這個新的洗黑錢渠道可供（罪犯）選擇，令打擊金融罪案（包括：洗黑錢）變成一個沒完沒了的遊戲，正所謂：「道高一尺，魔高一丈。」到底是貓捕鼠，還是龜兔賽跑，也許視乎監管機構的本領。

說句公道話，借出銀行賬戶處理犯罪收入的人（幫兇），不一定是來自中國大陸的商人，亦可以是港商、台商、南洋華僑或來自英美澳加的華人，他們一樣可以在大陸的銀行系統開設人民幣賬戶，然後透過網上銀行或智能手機轉賬或匯款，對不對？正所謂：「人多好辦事！」海外華人的龐大網絡，除了可以用來玩間諜戰，洗黑錢一樣得。中國人勝在生育能力強，加上逃難基因早種，令海外華人的數目眾多（提示：Chinese Diaspora），當中有幾多海外華商願意參與上述的洗黑錢勾當，自己想。讀到這裡，你應該明白，面對海量的中國（血統）犯罪份子（而且是身處中國的司法管轄區以外），中國四大國有銀行（建、農、工、中）的管理層有幾難做。同樣原理，大陸的金融監管機構高層也不好當，因為即使沒有中美關係惡化蔓延至金融領域這個負面因素，單是日常運作的層面，如何避免中國現有的金融系統被犯罪份子所利用，以及回應數碼貨幣和電子支付 (Digital Currency / Electronic Payment，簡稱 DC/EP) 所帶來的各種挑戰，以免金融科技形成新的系統性風險 (Systematic risk) 隱患（出處：中國銀保監會主席郭樹清），已經是一項非常艱鉅的任務。從監管機構的角度看，新舊夾擊，想起都頭痛。

插圖來源：https://i-aml.com/

YouTube 精選：

The Chinese Crowd 中國人海 (2:46)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuG_eBl3r-M

中國人的繁殖能力非常可怕。

張洪量：蛻變專輯：情人崗（第一樂章）：中國人海 (4:15)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqTpmSMAYCc

張洪量寫於九十年代的純音樂。

Kitaro（喜多郎）- Dance Of Sarasvati (live) (8:37) 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no0GqOOwBPo

這是 ATV 節目＜尋找他鄉的故事＞的主題音樂。

La Paloma (Live in Mexico) - André Rieu (3:47)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5L1UAGow3k

一首在南美洲廣泛流傳的西班牙語情歌，歌名的意思是白鴿，作曲家 Sebastian Iradier 於 1861 年寫於古巴，經常被用於 Tango 或 Rumba 舞蹈。

Mariachi Alas de Mexico ( Fiesta de Mexico) (4:23)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKkJRXqI4vs

墨西哥民間歌舞。

延伸閱讀／參考資料：

FBI - What Is a Money Mule? 

A money mule is someone who transfers or moves illegally acquired money on behalf of someone else.

https://www.fbi.gov/scams-and-safety/common-scams-and-crimes/money-mules

Extract: Criminals recruit money mules to help launder proceeds derived from online scams and frauds or crimes like human trafficking and drug trafficking. Money mules add layers of distance between crime victims and criminals, which makes it harder for law enforcement to accurately trace money trails. Money mules can move funds in various ways, including through bank accounts, cashier’s checks, virtual currency, prepaid debit cards, or money service businesses. Some money mules know they are supporting criminal enterprises; others are unaware that they are helping criminals profit. Money mules often receive a commission for their service, or they might provide assistance because they believe they have a trusting or romantic relationship with the individual who is asking for help. If you are moving money at the direction of another person, you may be serving as a money mule.

Factbox: Step by step - How Chinese 'money brokers' launder cash for Mexican drug cartels

By Drazen Jorgic

Reuters (Dec 3, 2020)

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-china-cartels-factbox/factbox-step-by-step-how-chinese-money-brokers-launder-cash-for-mexican-drug-cartels-idUSKBN28D1LW

Extract: Based on Reuters reporting and details that U.S. prosecutors presented at the recent trial of a Chinese businessman convicted of laundering cartel drug money, here is a popular method Chinese brokers employ to launder U.S. drug proceeds of Mexican crime groups:

STEP 1

A Mexican cartel wants to bring proceeds from U.S. drug sales back to Mexico. It contacts Chinese money brokers operating in Mexico to see who offers the cheapest rates.

STEP 2

The parties agree on a commission and the amount to be laundered, say $150,000.

STEP 3

The Chinese broker, using encrypted phone messages, would send the cartel three things:

1. a code word

2. the number of a U.S. burner phone

3. the unique serial number of an authentic $1 bill

Step 4

The Mexican crime group shares those details with a cartel-linked drug dealer in the United States, who calls the burner phone and identifies himself by using the code word. He arranges to meet a U.S.-based money courier working for the Chinese broker.

Step 5

The drug dealer and the money courier meet in public. The courier hands over a $1 bill with the unique serial number. When that checks out, the dealer hands over the cash, keeping the bill as a “receipt.”

Step 6

The courier takes the $150,000 to a U.S.-based Chinese merchant who has a bank account in China. The merchant then performs a currency swap known as a “mirror transaction.” He takes possession of the U.S. cash and then transfers $150,000 worth of Chinese yuan from his Chinese bank account to the money broker’s Chinese account, using an account number provided to him by the courier.

Step 7

The cartel’s drug cash is now sitting in a Chinese bank, outside the view of U.S. law enforcement. The broker has two options to send it on to Mexico to the drug car.

Step 8

Option 1 is to do another “mirror transaction.” The $150,000 worth of yuan is now transferred from the money broker’s Chinese account to the Chinese bank account of a Mexico-based businessperson. That Mexico-based businessperson then provides $150,000 worth of pesos to the money broker in Mexico, who delivers that cash to the cartel.

Step 9

Under option 2, the Chinese money broker buys $150,000 worth of consumer products in China, such as clothing, and exports them to Mexico. The goods are then sold, and the proceeds delivered to the cartel.

Special Report: Burner phones and banking apps: Meet the Chinese 'brokers' laundering Mexican drug money

By Drazen Jorgic

Reuters (Dec 3, 2020)

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-china-cartels-specialreport/special-report-burner-phones-and-banking-apps-meet-the-chinese-brokers-laundering-mexican-drug-money-idUSKBN28D1M4

Extract: Early next year, a Chinese businessman named Gan Xianbing will be sentenced in a Chicago courtroom for laundering just over $530,000 in Mexican cartel drug money. Virtually unheard of a decade ago, these Chinese players are moving vast sums quickly and quietly, authorities said. Their expertise: routing cartel drug profits from the United States to China then on to Mexico with a few clicks of a burner phone and Chinese banking apps – and without the bulky cash ever crossing borders. The launderers pay small Chinese-owned businesses in the United States and Mexico to help them move the funds. Most contact with the banking system happens in China, a veritable black hole for U.S. and Mexican authorities.

At their simplest, authorities said, that process worked as follows: Lim would arrive at one of the merchants with, say, $150,000 in cartel cash. With the businessperson observing, she would open a currency converter app on her smartphone to obtain the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Chinese yuan. She would also hand over the details of a bank account in China given to her by Gan. In what’s known as a “mirror transaction,” the Chinese businessperson would take possession of the $150,000 in U.S. currency while simultaneously transferring the equivalent in Chinese yuan from their own account in China to the bank account number provided by Gan. The result was that a foreign transfer of funds had been made without involving a U.S financial institution - or the accompanying digital fingerprints. The Chinese business had effectively used yuan from its China-based bank account to purchase cash dollars now on hand in the United States; it earned a commission for its trouble while avoiding bank fees and U.S. government scrutiny.

Meanwhile, Gan had converted U.S. drug dollars into Chinese currency now sitting in a Chinese bank. The only contact with the financial system – a domestic transfer between two accounts in China – would be unlikely to raise red flags with Chinese banking authorities unaware of the money’s provenance. The crime ring used various Chinese banks for the operations, including the Bank of China, according to WhatsApp messages exchanged between Gan and Pan Haiping. Bank of China did not respond to requests for comment. To get the money from China to Mexico, Gan performed the same sort of mirror transactions, only this time with the help of Chinese businesses who had access to pesos in Mexico. U.S. prosecutors said the laundered money was delivered to Pan Haiping’s Mexican drug cartel clients, according to the superseding indictment. No Mexican banks were named in any of the court documents reviewed by Reuters.

Latin American cartels, flush with dollars and euros from drug sales, are uniquely placed to satisfy the Chinese appetite for hard currencies. Some Chinese expatriates located in drug-producing countries such as Mexico, Colombia and Peru are the intermediaries bridging these disparate sets of people, said Donald Im, a senior DEA agent and anti-money laundering specialist. “When there is need by the cartels for cash to be laundered, and there is demand for cash from the Chinese, you have a perfect marriage made in heaven,” Im told Reuters. “The Chinese brokers are very important to the Mexican and Colombian cartels.”

Chinese money launderers are squeezing out Mexican and Colombian rivals by undercutting them on price by as much as half, U.S. officials said. The Chinese operators have been able to do that because they levy fees on both sides of each transaction. They impose fat commissions as high as 10% on Chinese citizens eager to get money out of China. That allows the Chinese money brokers, in turn, to charge traffickers nominal fees of just a few percentage points. The money launderers still turn a handsome profit while locking in a steady supply of coveted dollars and euros from cartel customers. DEA agent Im said the Chinese expats had the “systems and the infrastructure” in place not only to launder the drug proceeds but to do it so cheaply that drug cartels receive back “almost 100%” of their dirty money.

Traffickers use other so-called trade-based money laundering schemes to move drug money from China to Mexico, according to the DEA and Mexican government officials who spoke with Reuters. In July, Mexico’s Financial Intelligence Unit, an investigative agency, said publicly that Chinese nationals laundering money for the Jalisco New Generation cartel were using drug proceeds to buy shoes in bulk from China, then reselling them in Mexico to get the gang their cash. Chinese exports to Mexico, including electronics, clothing and other consumer goods, have nearly doubled over the past decade to $83 billion in 2019. The surge has allowed drug cartels and their money launderers to piggyback on this burgeoning trade relationship, authorities said.

Anti-Money Laundering News and Information

Mexican authorities struggle to keep up as cartels embrace crypto 

By Samuel Haig, December 8, 2020, published on COINTELEGRAPH

https://i-aml.com/news/mexican-authorities-struggle-to-keep-up-as-cartels-embrace-crypto/

Extract: Mexican authorities report an increase in the use of crypto assets to launder funds by criminal syndicates in Latin America. In a Dec. 8 report from Reuters, the head of Mexico’s finance ministry’s financial intelligence unit, Santiago Nieto, described how cartels use crypto to launder money obtained in illicit activities. Neito asserts Latin cartels will typically deposit their ill-gotten gains into various bank accounts as sums of less than $7,500 — the threshold that would prompt banks to flag a transaction. The funds are then used to make a myriad of small quantities of BTC, which can then be transferred frictionlessly across borders. A 2018 law mandated that registered crypto trading platforms report transfers exceeding 56,000 Mexican pesos (approximately $2,800). Local authorities hope this can assist them in responding to organized crime’s use of digital assets. However, Rolando Rosas, the head of the Mexican attorney general’s office’s Cyber Investigations Unit, told Reuters law enforcement lacks the resources needed to tackle cryptocurrency-fueled money laundering. He said the unit has 120 staff — about a quarter of what is required — and it struggled to keep up with the 1,033 Bitcoin threshold alerts that were triggered on registered trading platforms this year.

Academy for Cultural Diplomacy

Chinese Diaspora Across the World: A General Overview

http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?chinese-diaspora

Extract: The term “Chinese overseas” is generally used to refer to the approximately 46 million ethnic Chinese living outside China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. While short episodes of Chinese migration can be traced back through history, the phenomenon generally referred to as “Chinese Diaspora” only dates back to the mid-19th century (Liu & Van Dongen, 2013).

Between 1850 and the 1950s, a growing number of Chinese workers, mostly male peasants from coastal provinces, started leaving their homeland to seek employment opportunities in Southeast Asia. Between the 1950s and the 1980s widespread violence and instability in the region shifted the destination of Chinese migrants to more industrialised areas including North America, Europe, Japan and Australia. Most migrants in this era were unskilled workers, driven by the growing demand for cheap manual labour elsewhere. This process is still evolving today and since the 1980s, Chinese migrants have developed an increasingly “multi-class and multi-skilled” profile, in line with the requirements of a globalised and technologically advanced economy (Ding, 2010).

Economic and religious concerns have historically been the major factors driving Chinese people abroad. A good example of this forced migration can be considered to be the migration of Buddhist pilgrims to Central, Southern and Eastern Asia. In China’s case, sustained growth has been the result of economic reforms and, in particular, of the "opening up" policy that started during the 1970´s. It led to major changes in all areas of society; labour flexibility and privatization left large numbers of workers unemployed, unable to be reabsorbed by the internal-market. Rural-urban mobility, the polarization of the distribution of wealth and the consequent widening of the gap between rich and poor are all relevant factors for this migration. Thus, we can conclude that people tend to migrate in order to gain a better quality of life (such as social services and infrastructure), but always to be integrated in the places of destination (Gómez Díaz, 2012).

According to the IMO, there are currently about 200 million migrants in the world. Chinese migrants amount to 39.5 million and are scattered across 130 countries. Asian migration, both domestic and international, is the largest globally. China and India account for 35% of migrants in the world: more than 70 million people. Therefore, the amount of international migration is heavily dependent on these two countries (Gómez Díaz, 2012).

維基百科：海外華人

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/海外華人

節錄：海外華人（或海外華裔）泛指自 19 世紀從中國移民到世界各地的中國人及其後裔，或僑居海外的中國公民（華僑）。包括從明朝、清朝以來中國大陸、臺灣、香港和澳門、東南亞部分地區不同時期的移民及後代。海外華人有多種定義，可以是 Overseas Chinese 的譯名，而在不同情形下有著不同認知。這個詞可以代表著來自很多不同國家的公民，例如於印尼、泰國、馬來西亞、美國、加拿大、澳洲等國家所出生的華人。一個世紀以來，海外華人掌握著東南亞國家的經濟命脈。這些華裔人口的祖輩大多是清末民初時來到東南亞。在印尼，3% 的華人掌握了印尼  70% 的財富，在泰國，5% 的華人掌握了泰國 70% 的財富，而在馬來西亞，25% 的華人掌握了馬來西亞 70% 的財富，而排名前十的菲律賓富豪都是華人。海外華人在東南亞形成了一個龐大而穩固的金融商業及人際網絡，並控制著該地區的各大產業鍵。此外海外華人的事業及商業勢力亦遍及五大洲，通過各地華社互相聯繫。

郭樹清：關注涉足金融和科技領域公司風險複雜性

RTHK 2020-12-08

https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1564174-20201208.htm?archive_date=2020-12-08

節錄：中國銀保監會主席郭樹清說，面對金融科技持續快速發展，將堅持鼓勵創新，又守住底線的積極審慎態度，切實解決好面臨的新問題新挑戰。他在一個活動中發表演講，指出金融科技行業產生許多新現象和問題，可能需要更多關注大公司是否妨礙新機構進入、以非正常的方式收集數據、拒絕開放應當公開的信息、是否存在誤導用戶和消費者行為等。郭樹清又說，關注新型「大而不能倒」風險，提到少數科技公司在小額支付市場佔據主導地位，涉及廣大公眾利益，具備重要金融基礎設施的特徵；一些大型科技公司，涉足各類金融和科技領域，跨界混業經營，因此必須關注這些機構風險的複雜性和外溢性，及時精準拆彈，消除新的系統性風險隱患。

Sanctionscanner.com

AML Compliance Checklist for Financial Industries

https://sanctionscanner.com/blog/aml-compliance-checklist-for-financial-industries-284

Extract: AML Compliance Checklist for Banks. Perhaps the first institution that comes to mind when it comes to financial institutions is banks. Banks transfer millions of money every day. He has to check whether these transfers are money laundering or terrorist financing. According to FATF regulations, banks require an AML / CFT risk-based approach. This means that banking institutions must take some precautions. In order to minimize the risk, AML / CFT compliance must be ensured. Banks have some obligations to do in this regard. These are:

Anti-Money Laundering News and Information

Banks looking to confidential computing for solutions to money laundering, theft, and fraud

by Jonathan Greig, November 25, 2020, published on TechRepublic 

https://i-aml.com/news/banks-looking-to-confidential-computing-for-solutions-to-money-laundering-theft-and-fraud/

Extract: Tech companies are offering this emerging technology to help financial institutions secure data while it is being processed. Financial institutions and banks are struggling more than ever to mitigate digital theft, fraud, and money laundering activities. Almost all banks are subject to Know Your Customer regulations that are resource-intensive and manual in nature. To address the problem, some tech companies are offering up confidential computing as a potential solution. Combined with federated machine learning, companies like Intel say confidential computing can predict who is money laundering within secure enclaves without revealing sensitive information. “The traditional processes that banks and other financial institutions employ are a bit resource-intensive and often those processes are manual so they’ve innovated to add some software modeling in an attempt to draw inferences from patterns that they see in their transactions and in their operations to help inform a potential theft, fraud or money laundering,” said Michael Reed, director of the Blockchain Program at Intel.

FinCEN Files: All you need to know about the documents leak

BBC (21 September 2020)

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54226107

Extract: Leaked documents involving about $2tn of transactions have revealed how some of the world's biggest banks have allowed criminals to move dirty money around the world. They also show how Russian oligarchs have used banks to avoid sanctions that were supposed to stop them getting their money into the West. It's the latest in a string of leaks over the past five years that have exposed secret deals, money laundering and financial crime.

What are the FinCEN files? The FinCEN files are more than 2,500 documents, most of which were files that banks sent to the US authorities between 2000 and 2017. They raise concerns about what their clients might be doing. These documents are some of the international banking system's most closely guarded secrets. Banks use them to report suspicious behaviour but they are not proof of wrongdoing or crime. They were leaked to Buzzfeed News and shared with a group that brings together investigative journalists from around the world, which distributed them to 108 news organisations in 88 countries, including the BBC's Panorama programme. Hundreds of journalists have been sifting through the dense, technical documentation, uncovering some of the activities that banks would prefer the public not to know about.　

Two acronyms you need to know. FinCEN is the US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These are the people at the US Treasury who combat financial crime. Concerns about transactions made in US dollars need to be sent to FinCEN, even if they took place outside the US. Suspicious activity reports, or SARs, are an example of how those concerns are recorded. A bank must fill in one of these reports if it is worried one of its clients might be up to no good. The report is sent to the authorities.

相關的文章：

金山黑錢

2020 年 5 月 8 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/05/blog-post.html
節錄：來自（新）中國的黑錢繞過地面上的合法銀行系統流入了美國，目的地是洛杉磯，跟老一輩廣東人賣豬仔（做苦工）的地點「舊金山」（英語：San Francisco，孫中山叫「三藩市」，美國加利福尼亞州的北部）同屬一個州份。

南洋幫（八） 

2015 年 3 月 17 日

http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2015/03/blog-post_17.html
節錄：從清末開始，南洋華僑跟中國大陸的關係，經歷幾番轉變。祖國的面貌也不斷變化：從文化根源、夢中故鄉，到國民黨或共產黨執政，黨國一體的民國與新中國，再變成跨國收購合併活動中的紅色生意夥伴。最新的發展，是某些由南洋華僑所創辦的老字號可能會消失，九十一歲的新加坡國父李光耀剛剛撒手塵寰。一個時代結束了，南洋華僑跟中國大陸的關係，進入另一個階段。

地獄黑仔王

2020年8月13日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/08/blog-post.html

節錄：中美關係惡化，蔓延到金融領域，在美國有業務的中資銀行可能有麻煩，萬一被排除於美元結算系統以外，日常營運肯定會受影響，今次中銀又是首當其衝。根據國際傳媒的報導，中銀內部已經進行相關研究，開始準備應變計畫，請參考＜延伸閱讀＞部份所提供的英語報導。中銀因為是國有銀行，需要承擔政治任務，牽涉黨運和國運，自由度低過外國同行，處境艱難。

數碼貨幣 (Part 1)

2020 年 10 月 7 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/10/part-1.html

節錄：中美關係惡化又同時牽動了中共內部的派系鬥爭，令局內人覺得危在旦夕，有急切需要尋找新的走資渠道，安排後路及安頓家人。同一時間，疫症蔓延令經濟活動或停頓或半停擺，很多人無法出門，被迫長時間留在家中，透過互聯網跟外面的世界保持聯繫。在這種情況下，不受監管的加密貨幣 (Cryptocurrency) 正好符合大陸貪官的走資需求。

數碼貨幣 (Part 2)

2020 年 10 月 7 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/10/part-2.html

節錄：在中美關係惡化的背景下，中國央行與其被動地回應，被（國際社會）邊緣化，倒不如採取主動，爭取成為設定行業標準的先行者 (First Mover)，順便把法定貨幣（人民幣）數碼化（提示：化粧＋喬裝＋黃子華），一來保住中國央行的地位，二來保障國家主權及金融安全，三來讓中國可以繼續進行對外貿易（即：對抗美元霸權或繞過貿易制裁），一舉數得。

數碼貨幣 (Part 3)

2020 年 10 月 22 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2020/10/part-3.html

節錄：由於加密貨幣 (Cryptocurrency) 的買賣活動無須經過美元結算體系，另一個常見用途是用來繞過美國的貿易制裁，那是伊朗和北韓的做法。好處是讓受到國際社會孤立的政權可以（透過進行對外貿易或犯罪活動）賺取收入，繼續生存以及發展武器自保，詳情請參考＜延伸閱讀＞部份所提供的英文材料。對，獨裁者也要想辦法賺錢，然後把剝削老百姓所得的錢轉移（洗黑錢），以便在海外建立小金庫，萬一他日被推翻，老婆、情婦和兒孫也有錢用。

Leapfrogging（蛙跳模式）

2017 年 11 月 10 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2017/11/leapfrogging.html
節錄：如果你知道甚麼叫 Leapfrogging（中譯：蛙跳模式），應該不會覺得用支付寶吃飯、購物、叫車或嫖妓是「先進」，用現金付款是「落後」。新科技的滲透率高，並不代表某個國家「先進」。Leapfrogging（蛙跳模式）是西方商學院理論，意思是：發展中國家跳過較舊的科技，直接引入較新的科技，形成比西方發達國家更高的滲透率 (Penetration rate)。這種現象，常見於電訊或能源行業。

雙軌制（一） 

2011 年 10 月 14 日

http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post_14.html
節錄：國有銀行為當權者服務，無法有效地扮演中介 (Intermediation) 的角色，存貸利率被人為地扭曲，長期偏低，無法反映真正的資金需求。民間中小企長期融資困難，只能光顧貸款利率高得嚇死人的地下錢莊。有些溫州民企老闆拿到錢之後，沒有用來經營實業，而是用更高的利率拆放出去，又或者參與形形色色的炒賣活動。同一時間，小存戶無法得到合理的回報，老百姓不甘被合法剝削，眼見物價上漲，購買力流失，為求自保，也參與非法的集資和放貸活動。

12/12/2020

 

2020 Top 10

2020 年發表的文章，瀏覽量最高的十篇是：

1. 金融中心的黑暗面（2020 年 1 月 15 日）
2. 德意志＋鐮刀幫＋美國總統（2020 年 7 月 23 日）
3. 健康碼 = 敲脚骨＋分餅仔（2020 年 6 月 20 日）
4. 上詐下愚（2020 年 2 月 22 日）
5. 逆周期 (Counter cyclical)？（2020 年 3 月 2 日）
6. 遲早要還（2020 年 6 月 7 日）
7. 金山黑錢（2020 年 5 月 8 日）
8. 瘟疫蔓延時（2020 年 1 月 29 日）
9. 管理學速讀本（五）（2020 年 5 月 18 日）
10. 地獄黑仔王（2020 年 8 月 13 日）

最受歡迎的文章，幾乎全部緊扣香港的局勢發展。一如以往，財經題材最受歡迎。在金融中心地位不保的日子寫財經分析，作用等同唱輓歌，思之黯然。

Top 10 (All Time)

若以累積瀏覽量計算，最受歡迎的十篇文章是：

1. 學壞師 (Oct 7, 2016)
2. 麻煩仔 (Jan 9, 2010) 
3. 目連救母（一）(Sep 2, 2009)
4. 陶傑 vs 梁文道（一）(Feb 2, 2008) 
5. 芝加哥學派 (Jun 8, 2013) 
6. 自報家門（四）(Aug 1, 2009) 
7. 沈旭暉 (May 6, 2016)
8. 紅色無間道 (Sep 20, 2017)
9. 學院派（一）(May 17, 2013)
10. Leapfrogging（蛙跳模式）(Nov 10, 2017)

還是那句話：如果大家覺得 Auntie 的文章有參考價值，沒有浪費閣下的寶貴時間，請捐助「高錕慈善基金」（畫面右邊的捐款箱），替我積福，謝謝。

插圖來源：互聯網

YouTube 精選：

MastaMic - 破地獄 (Lyrics Video) (4:08)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03fNdcMlKYE

歌詞 (Rap)：「茫茫酆都中，重重金剛山，靈寶無量光，洞照炎池煩，九幽諸罪魂，身隨香雲旛，定慧青蓮花，上生神永安。」

Mozart - Requiem (50:48)

(Orchestre national de France / James Gaffigan)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp2SJN4UiE4

延伸閱讀／參考資料：

2020 本港大事回顧

RTHK 2020-12-21 

https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1566506-20201221.htm

全文：2020 年香港步入新時代，新型冠狀病毒年初襲港，至今超過 8 千人受感染，累計 131 人死亡。不同行業都受疫情衝撃，即使在香港紮根多年的大企業也相繼裁員。政府推出多項應對措施，社會各界進入抗疫新常態。疫情下示威浪潮減退，但後續影響今年陸續浮現，警方展開拘捕行動，多名社運人士被判囚，有裁判官的判決惹來爭議。中央今年年中制定《香港國安法》並在港實施，截至本月中 40 人被捕。政府認為，《香港國安法》的實施，令香港由亂轉治。憂慮香港前景，有人計劃移民，有人決定流亡海外。立法會選舉延後， 4 名立法會議員被取消資格，民主派首次集體總辭，議會進入新格局。教育界亦面對很大轉變，有小學老師涉嫌在教材中散播港獨，被教育局永久釘牌。文憑試歷史科一條試題破天荒取消，通識科要改革。社會憂慮新聞自由空間收窄，壹傳媒大樓被搜查、創辦人黎智英被捕；港台鏗鏘集編導蔡玉玲採訪期間涉及車牌查冊問題被捕；有線電視負責偵查報道的《新聞刺針》全組被裁、中國組總辭。

相關的文章：

2019 Top 10

2019 年 12 月 15 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2019/12/2019-top-10.html
節錄：上過戰場的孩子，會有不一樣的生活態度。直到目前為止，年輕人還沒有爭取到足夠的權力，去改變權力和財富的分配方式，但是長遠來說，一定會為香港帶來一些轉變。是否會改變這個城市的價值觀，令香港變得沒有那麼右傾及無情，還有待觀察。抗爭的模式也改變了，城市游擊戰加上網絡輿論戰，成功爭取到國際社會的支持，也是小朋友的功勞。

2018 Top 10

2018 年 12 月 16 日

https://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2018/12/2018-top-10.html
節錄：過去一年，輪到西方世界感受到中共所帶來的威脅，以美國為首的國際社會（聯同日本）開始反擊，而且是迎頭痛擊，毫不猶豫。改革開放四十年，中國還在思考應該姓資還是姓社，國企民企如何分工這些老掉牙的問題，殊不知外面的世界已經改變，西方人對中國失去耐性，開始建立防禦工事和修築防洪隄壩。

2017 Top 10

2017 年 12 月 17 日

http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.com/2017/12/2017-top-10.html
節錄：過去一年，中共加強對香港的控制，港人的自由進一步萎縮。 2017 年最受歡迎的文章大致反映這個趨勢，傳媒和教育行業的情況尤其明顯，於是 Top 10 之內有相關的評論文章，例如＜黎智英＞系列。＜教育騙局＞系列的反應不錯，透過搜尋結果，我知道香港的網上討論區有人轉發，憑語氣推測，應該是三十歲以下的小朋友。

Top 10

2016 年 12 月 14 日

http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2016/12/top-10.html
節錄：財經分析最受歡迎，但是也最花時間寫。女性觀點的文章，瀏覽量通常低過財經分析，音樂題材則更低一點。網上世界，似乎跟現實世界或華人社會一樣，都是大男人的天下。請放心， Auntie 不會因此放棄女性或音樂題材，我不會獨沽一味追求數量化的指標。這個博客是我的網上實驗室，用來自娛以及積福行善，不是用來跑數的。

埋數 

2014 年 12 月 17 日

http://xiaoshousha.blogspot.hk/2014/12/blog-post_17.html
節錄：多得 689 ， 2014 年 10 月份這個博客的總瀏覽量是平時的三倍。 Blogspot 提供的數據顯示，新增的瀏覽量主要來自美國。由於數量龐大，令美國佔這個博客累積瀏覽量的百份比，從過去幾年的 15% ，大幅躍升至 25% ，僅次於居首位的香港。對， 689 引入外國勢力。

Revised 21/12/2020