首先 Recap 在＜金山黑錢＞（刊出日期：2020 年 5 月 8 日）中提到的洗黑錢手法：
「想把人民幣（黑錢）轉移到美國的大陸人（例如：貪官及其家屬）首先聽從中間人的指示，向指定的大陸工廠交付一筆人民幣，購買一批指定的化學品，然後工廠會把化學品運到墨西哥。表面上是正常貿易，文件是真的，上面的表述和數字也沒有問題。由墨西哥毒販經營的地下工廠收貨之後，會把化學品加工製成毒品（例如：冰毒），再越過邊境偷運入美國的洛杉磯，出售給美國人，收入是美元（現金），然後交給大陸人在美國的親友或人頭，由後者處理。簡單地說：過程中，毒品變成黑錢的載體，作用是把人民幣轉換成美元，而大陸的化工廠負責人和墨西哥的毒販，就收取手續費或服務費作為回報。」
真兄弟＋洗黑錢＋頂爛市
正所謂：「出外靠朋友」，你幫我，我幫你，有來有往，有飯一起吃，有牢一起坐，要死一齊死，才是（黑社會標準的）真兄弟，對不對？以下的洗黑錢手法，由大陸商人扮演中間人，協助墨西哥毒販把在美國出售毒品的犯罪收入（美元現金）轉換成墨西哥披索送返老家，而中國的銀行系統成為轉錢（國產中文叫打錢）的渠道。根據路透社 (Reuters) 的報導，被捲入洗黑錢的是中國銀行（簡稱：中銀）。
操作方法：墨西哥毒販把美元現金當面交給中間人（大陸商人 A ），根據議定的匯率轉換成人民幣。然後商人 A 動用自己的中銀賬戶，把等值的人民幣轉移到商人 B 的中銀賬戶，而商人 B 身處墨西哥又或者有辦法拿到墨西哥披索。商人 B 可以透過以下任何一種方法把錢送交墨西哥毒販：1. （按照議定的匯率）把等值的墨西哥披索直接交給毒販或對方派來的人。2. 商人 B 用那筆人民幣在中國境內採購廉價的消費品，例如服裝、鞋類或電子產品，然後運往墨西哥出售，表面上是正當的跨國商品貿易，文件上的表述和數字是真的，然後把所得收入（墨西哥披索）直接交給毒販或對方派來的人。如果選 2. 便是運用跨國的商品貿易掩飾洗黑錢，金融業術語叫 Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML) 。
換言之，商人 A 和商人 B 是洗黑錢術語中的 money mule，即是借出銀行賬戶供處理犯罪收入的人，而他們的智能手機和裡面的社交媒體或通訊軟件（例如：微信）則成為溝通渠道。商人 A 和商人 B 得到的回報是按照金額徵收的手續費。為了避開美國的銀行系統，那筆犯罪收入在外面繞了一個圈之後回到墨西哥毒販的手中。要動用中國的銀行系統，原因之一是它在美國的監管範圍以外，原因之二是中國商人所提供的匯率或收費極具競爭力（因為中國商人想要美金，原因大家都懂無須解釋），詳情請參考＜延伸閱讀＞部份所提供的英文材料。根據路透社 (Reuters) 的報導，大陸商人已經雄霸那個（相信是位處美國和墨西哥邊境地區）的洗黑錢市場，擊敗了過去扮演中間人角色的南美犯罪份子（根據路透社的報導是來自墨西哥、哥倫比亞或秘魯的地下社團成員）。中國人足跡所到之處，必定有當地人被搶飯碗，地下經濟也不例外，廣東話叫「頂爛市」，哈哈。
銀行與監管機構的角度
從受害者（中國銀行）的角度看，那筆犯罪收入從商人 A 的賬戶流到商人 B 的賬戶，本質上是 Domestic transfer in Renminbi，沒有犯法，對不對？洗黑錢的過程非常複雜，跨越不同的國家或司法管轄區，而銀行容易被捲入其中，原因之一是銀行通常只看到整個過程的一小部份，未能完全掌握交易的全貌（英文的說法是 Limited visibility），於是在不知不覺間被犯罪集團所利用。如果銀行的內部監控 (Internal compliance) 不夠嚴謹再加上運氣欠佳，被監管機構抓到，要承擔巨額罰款，做很多單生意都補不回，所以銀行會趕走高風險客戶（即是：PEP, Politically Exposed Persons, PEPs）。銀行每日處理的交易成千上萬，但是資源和人手相對有限，要從中抽出可疑的交易 (Suspicious activity reports, SARs) ，然後跟進調查，絕非易事，科技（例如：電腦軟件或人工智能）也許可以解決部份的問題，但是無法根治或清源，再加上科技發展的速度總是快過監管法規的更新速度，今日還有數碼貨幣這個新的洗黑錢渠道可供（罪犯）選擇，令打擊金融罪案（包括：洗黑錢）變成一個沒完沒了的遊戲，正所謂：「道高一尺，魔高一丈。」到底是貓捕鼠，還是龜兔賽跑，也許視乎監管機構的本領。
說句公道話，借出銀行賬戶處理犯罪收入的人（幫兇），不一定是來自中國大陸的商人，亦可以是港商、台商、南洋華僑或來自英美澳加的華人，他們一樣可以在大陸的銀行系統開設人民幣賬戶，然後透過網上銀行或智能手機轉賬或匯款，對不對？正所謂：「人多好辦事！」海外華人的龐大網絡，除了可以用來玩間諜戰，洗黑錢一樣得。中國人勝在生育能力強，加上逃難基因早種，令海外華人的數目眾多（提示：Chinese Diaspora），當中有幾多海外華商願意參與上述的洗黑錢勾當，自己想。讀到這裡，你應該明白，面對海量的中國（血統）犯罪份子（而且是身處中國的司法管轄區以外），中國四大國有銀行（建、農、工、中）的管理層有幾難做。同樣原理，大陸的金融監管機構高層也不好當，因為即使沒有中美關係惡化蔓延至金融領域這個負面因素，單是日常運作的層面，如何避免中國現有的金融系統被犯罪份子所利用，以及回應數碼貨幣和電子支付 (Digital Currency / Electronic Payment，簡稱 DC/EP) 所帶來的各種挑戰，以免金融科技形成新的系統性風險 (Systematic risk) 隱患（出處：中國銀保監會主席郭樹清），已經是一項非常艱鉅的任務。從監管機構的角度看，新舊夾擊，想起都頭痛。
插圖來源：https://i-aml.com/
YouTube 精選：
The Chinese Crowd 中國人海 (2:46)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuG_eBl3r-M
中國人的繁殖能力非常可怕。
張洪量：蛻變專輯：情人崗（第一樂章）：中國人海 (4:15)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqTpmSMAYCc
張洪量寫於九十年代的純音樂。
Kitaro（喜多郎）- Dance Of Sarasvati (live) (8:37)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no0GqOOwBPo
這是 ATV 節目＜尋找他鄉的故事＞的主題音樂。
La Paloma (Live in Mexico) - André Rieu (3:47)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5L1UAGow3k
一首在南美洲廣泛流傳的西班牙語情歌，歌名的意思是白鴿，作曲家 Sebastian Iradier 於 1861 年寫於古巴，經常被用於 Tango 或 Rumba 舞蹈。
Mariachi Alas de Mexico ( Fiesta de Mexico) (4:23)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKkJRXqI4vs
墨西哥民間歌舞。
延伸閱讀／參考資料：
FBI - What Is a Money Mule?
A money mule is someone who transfers or moves illegally acquired money on behalf of someone else.
https://www.fbi.gov/scams-and-safety/common-scams-and-crimes/money-mules
Extract: Criminals recruit money mules to help launder proceeds derived from online scams and frauds or crimes like human trafficking and drug trafficking. Money mules add layers of distance between crime victims and criminals, which makes it harder for law enforcement to accurately trace money trails. Money mules can move funds in various ways, including through bank accounts, cashier’s checks, virtual currency, prepaid debit cards, or money service businesses. Some money mules know they are supporting criminal enterprises; others are unaware that they are helping criminals profit. Money mules often receive a commission for their service, or they might provide assistance because they believe they have a trusting or romantic relationship with the individual who is asking for help. If you are moving money at the direction of another person, you may be serving as a money mule.
Factbox: Step by step - How Chinese 'money brokers' launder cash for Mexican drug cartels
By Drazen Jorgic
Reuters (Dec 3, 2020)
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-china-cartels-factbox/factbox-step-by-step-how-chinese-money-brokers-launder-cash-for-mexican-drug-cartels-idUSKBN28D1LW
Extract: Based on Reuters reporting and details that U.S. prosecutors presented at the recent trial of a Chinese businessman convicted of laundering cartel drug money, here is a popular method Chinese brokers employ to launder U.S. drug proceeds of Mexican crime groups:
STEP 1
A Mexican cartel wants to bring proceeds from U.S. drug sales back to Mexico. It contacts Chinese money brokers operating in Mexico to see who offers the cheapest rates.
STEP 2
The parties agree on a commission and the amount to be laundered, say $150,000.
STEP 3
The Chinese broker, using encrypted phone messages, would send the cartel three things:
1. a code word
2. the number of a U.S. burner phone
3. the unique serial number of an authentic $1 bill
Step 4
The Mexican crime group shares those details with a cartel-linked drug dealer in the United States, who calls the burner phone and identifies himself by using the code word. He arranges to meet a U.S.-based money courier working for the Chinese broker.
Step 5
The drug dealer and the money courier meet in public. The courier hands over a $1 bill with the unique serial number. When that checks out, the dealer hands over the cash, keeping the bill as a “receipt.”
Step 6
The courier takes the $150,000 to a U.S.-based Chinese merchant who has a bank account in China. The merchant then performs a currency swap known as a “mirror transaction.” He takes possession of the U.S. cash and then transfers $150,000 worth of Chinese yuan from his Chinese bank account to the money broker’s Chinese account, using an account number provided to him by the courier.
Step 7
The cartel’s drug cash is now sitting in a Chinese bank, outside the view of U.S. law enforcement. The broker has two options to send it on to Mexico to the drug car.
Step 8
Option 1 is to do another “mirror transaction.” The $150,000 worth of yuan is now transferred from the money broker’s Chinese account to the Chinese bank account of a Mexico-based businessperson. That Mexico-based businessperson then provides $150,000 worth of pesos to the money broker in Mexico, who delivers that cash to the cartel.
Step 9
Under option 2, the Chinese money broker buys $150,000 worth of consumer products in China, such as clothing, and exports them to Mexico. The goods are then sold, and the proceeds delivered to the cartel.
Special Report: Burner phones and banking apps: Meet the Chinese 'brokers' laundering Mexican drug money
By Drazen Jorgic
Reuters (Dec 3, 2020)
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-china-cartels-specialreport/special-report-burner-phones-and-banking-apps-meet-the-chinese-brokers-laundering-mexican-drug-money-idUSKBN28D1M4
Extract: Early next year, a Chinese businessman named Gan Xianbing will be sentenced in a Chicago courtroom for laundering just over $530,000 in Mexican cartel drug money. Virtually unheard of a decade ago, these Chinese players are moving vast sums quickly and quietly, authorities said. Their expertise: routing cartel drug profits from the United States to China then on to Mexico with a few clicks of a burner phone and Chinese banking apps – and without the bulky cash ever crossing borders. The launderers pay small Chinese-owned businesses in the United States and Mexico to help them move the funds. Most contact with the banking system happens in China, a veritable black hole for U.S. and Mexican authorities.
At their simplest, authorities said, that process worked as follows: Lim would arrive at one of the merchants with, say, $150,000 in cartel cash. With the businessperson observing, she would open a currency converter app on her smartphone to obtain the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Chinese yuan. She would also hand over the details of a bank account in China given to her by Gan. In what’s known as a “mirror transaction,” the Chinese businessperson would take possession of the $150,000 in U.S. currency while simultaneously transferring the equivalent in Chinese yuan from their own account in China to the bank account number provided by Gan. The result was that a foreign transfer of funds had been made without involving a U.S financial institution - or the accompanying digital fingerprints. The Chinese business had effectively used yuan from its China-based bank account to purchase cash dollars now on hand in the United States; it earned a commission for its trouble while avoiding bank fees and U.S. government scrutiny.
Meanwhile, Gan had converted U.S. drug dollars into Chinese currency now sitting in a Chinese bank. The only contact with the financial system – a domestic transfer between two accounts in China – would be unlikely to raise red flags with Chinese banking authorities unaware of the money’s provenance. The crime ring used various Chinese banks for the operations, including the Bank of China, according to WhatsApp messages exchanged between Gan and Pan Haiping. Bank of China did not respond to requests for comment. To get the money from China to Mexico, Gan performed the same sort of mirror transactions, only this time with the help of Chinese businesses who had access to pesos in Mexico. U.S. prosecutors said the laundered money was delivered to Pan Haiping’s Mexican drug cartel clients, according to the superseding indictment. No Mexican banks were named in any of the court documents reviewed by Reuters.
Latin American cartels, flush with dollars and euros from drug sales, are uniquely placed to satisfy the Chinese appetite for hard currencies. Some Chinese expatriates located in drug-producing countries such as Mexico, Colombia and Peru are the intermediaries bridging these disparate sets of people, said Donald Im, a senior DEA agent and anti-money laundering specialist. “When there is need by the cartels for cash to be laundered, and there is demand for cash from the Chinese, you have a perfect marriage made in heaven,” Im told Reuters. “The Chinese brokers are very important to the Mexican and Colombian cartels.”
Chinese money launderers are squeezing out Mexican and Colombian rivals by undercutting them on price by as much as half, U.S. officials said. The Chinese operators have been able to do that because they levy fees on both sides of each transaction. They impose fat commissions as high as 10% on Chinese citizens eager to get money out of China. That allows the Chinese money brokers, in turn, to charge traffickers nominal fees of just a few percentage points. The money launderers still turn a handsome profit while locking in a steady supply of coveted dollars and euros from cartel customers. DEA agent Im said the Chinese expats had the “systems and the infrastructure” in place not only to launder the drug proceeds but to do it so cheaply that drug cartels receive back “almost 100%” of their dirty money.
Traffickers use other so-called trade-based money laundering schemes to move drug money from China to Mexico, according to the DEA and Mexican government officials who spoke with Reuters. In July, Mexico’s Financial Intelligence Unit, an investigative agency, said publicly that Chinese nationals laundering money for the Jalisco New Generation cartel were using drug proceeds to buy shoes in bulk from China, then reselling them in Mexico to get the gang their cash. Chinese exports to Mexico, including electronics, clothing and other consumer goods, have nearly doubled over the past decade to $83 billion in 2019. The surge has allowed drug cartels and their money launderers to piggyback on this burgeoning trade relationship, authorities said.
Anti-Money Laundering News and Information
Mexican authorities struggle to keep up as cartels embrace crypto
By Samuel Haig, December 8, 2020, published on COINTELEGRAPH
https://i-aml.com/news/mexican-authorities-struggle-to-keep-up-as-cartels-embrace-crypto/
Extract: Mexican authorities report an increase in the use of crypto assets to launder funds by criminal syndicates in Latin America. In a Dec. 8 report from Reuters, the head of Mexico’s finance ministry’s financial intelligence unit, Santiago Nieto, described how cartels use crypto to launder money obtained in illicit activities. Neito asserts Latin cartels will typically deposit their ill-gotten gains into various bank accounts as sums of less than $7,500 — the threshold that would prompt banks to flag a transaction. The funds are then used to make a myriad of small quantities of BTC, which can then be transferred frictionlessly across borders. A 2018 law mandated that registered crypto trading platforms report transfers exceeding 56,000 Mexican pesos (approximately $2,800). Local authorities hope this can assist them in responding to organized crime’s use of digital assets. However, Rolando Rosas, the head of the Mexican attorney general’s office’s Cyber Investigations Unit, told Reuters law enforcement lacks the resources needed to tackle cryptocurrency-fueled money laundering. He said the unit has 120 staff — about a quarter of what is required — and it struggled to keep up with the 1,033 Bitcoin threshold alerts that were triggered on registered trading platforms this year.
Academy for Cultural Diplomacy
Chinese Diaspora Across the World: A General Overview
http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?chinese-diaspora
Extract: The term “Chinese overseas” is generally used to refer to the approximately 46 million ethnic Chinese living outside China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. While short episodes of Chinese migration can be traced back through history, the phenomenon generally referred to as “Chinese Diaspora” only dates back to the mid-19th century (Liu & Van Dongen, 2013).
Between 1850 and the 1950s, a growing number of Chinese workers, mostly male peasants from coastal provinces, started leaving their homeland to seek employment opportunities in Southeast Asia. Between the 1950s and the 1980s widespread violence and instability in the region shifted the destination of Chinese migrants to more industrialised areas including North America, Europe, Japan and Australia. Most migrants in this era were unskilled workers, driven by the growing demand for cheap manual labour elsewhere. This process is still evolving today and since the 1980s, Chinese migrants have developed an increasingly “multi-class and multi-skilled” profile, in line with the requirements of a globalised and technologically advanced economy (Ding, 2010).
Economic and religious concerns have historically been the major factors driving Chinese people abroad. A good example of this forced migration can be considered to be the migration of Buddhist pilgrims to Central, Southern and Eastern Asia. In China’s case, sustained growth has been the result of economic reforms and, in particular, of the "opening up" policy that started during the 1970´s. It led to major changes in all areas of society; labour flexibility and privatization left large numbers of workers unemployed, unable to be reabsorbed by the internal-market. Rural-urban mobility, the polarization of the distribution of wealth and the consequent widening of the gap between rich and poor are all relevant factors for this migration. Thus, we can conclude that people tend to migrate in order to gain a better quality of life (such as social services and infrastructure), but always to be integrated in the places of destination (Gómez Díaz, 2012).
According to the IMO, there are currently about 200 million migrants in the world. Chinese migrants amount to 39.5 million and are scattered across 130 countries. Asian migration, both domestic and international, is the largest globally. China and India account for 35% of migrants in the world: more than 70 million people. Therefore, the amount of international migration is heavily dependent on these two countries (Gómez Díaz, 2012).
維基百科：海外華人
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/海外華人
節錄：海外華人（或海外華裔）泛指自 19 世紀從中國移民到世界各地的中國人及其後裔，或僑居海外的中國公民（華僑）。包括從明朝、清朝以來中國大陸、臺灣、香港和澳門、東南亞部分地區不同時期的移民及後代。海外華人有多種定義，可以是 Overseas Chinese 的譯名，而在不同情形下有著不同認知。這個詞可以代表著來自很多不同國家的公民，例如於印尼、泰國、馬來西亞、美國、加拿大、澳洲等國家所出生的華人。一個世紀以來，海外華人掌握著東南亞國家的經濟命脈。這些華裔人口的祖輩大多是清末民初時來到東南亞。在印尼，3% 的華人掌握了印尼 70% 的財富，在泰國，5% 的華人掌握了泰國 70% 的財富，而在馬來西亞，25% 的華人掌握了馬來西亞 70% 的財富，而排名前十的菲律賓富豪都是華人。海外華人在東南亞形成了一個龐大而穩固的金融商業及人際網絡，並控制著該地區的各大產業鍵。此外海外華人的事業及商業勢力亦遍及五大洲，通過各地華社互相聯繫。
郭樹清：關注涉足金融和科技領域公司風險複雜性
RTHK 2020-12-08
https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1564174-20201208.htm?archive_date=2020-12-08
節錄：中國銀保監會主席郭樹清說，面對金融科技持續快速發展，將堅持鼓勵創新，又守住底線的積極審慎態度，切實解決好面臨的新問題新挑戰。他在一個活動中發表演講，指出金融科技行業產生許多新現象和問題，可能需要更多關注大公司是否妨礙新機構進入、以非正常的方式收集數據、拒絕開放應當公開的信息、是否存在誤導用戶和消費者行為等。郭樹清又說，關注新型「大而不能倒」風險，提到少數科技公司在小額支付市場佔據主導地位，涉及廣大公眾利益，具備重要金融基礎設施的特徵；一些大型科技公司，涉足各類金融和科技領域，跨界混業經營，因此必須關注這些機構風險的複雜性和外溢性，及時精準拆彈，消除新的系統性風險隱患。
Sanctionscanner.com
AML Compliance Checklist for Financial Industries
https://sanctionscanner.com/blog/aml-compliance-checklist-for-financial-industries-284
Extract: AML Compliance Checklist for Banks. Perhaps the first institution that comes to mind when it comes to financial institutions is banks. Banks transfer millions of money every day. He has to check whether these transfers are money laundering or terrorist financing. According to FATF regulations, banks require an AML / CFT risk-based approach. This means that banking institutions must take some precautions. In order to minimize the risk, AML / CFT compliance must be ensured. Banks have some obligations to do in this regard. These are:
Anti-Money Laundering News and Information
Banks looking to confidential computing for solutions to money laundering, theft, and fraud
by Jonathan Greig, November 25, 2020, published on TechRepublic
https://i-aml.com/news/banks-looking-to-confidential-computing-for-solutions-to-money-laundering-theft-and-fraud/
Extract: Tech companies are offering this emerging technology to help financial institutions secure data while it is being processed. Financial institutions and banks are struggling more than ever to mitigate digital theft, fraud, and money laundering activities. Almost all banks are subject to Know Your Customer regulations that are resource-intensive and manual in nature. To address the problem, some tech companies are offering up confidential computing as a potential solution. Combined with federated machine learning, companies like Intel say confidential computing can predict who is money laundering within secure enclaves without revealing sensitive information. “The traditional processes that banks and other financial institutions employ are a bit resource-intensive and often those processes are manual so they’ve innovated to add some software modeling in an attempt to draw inferences from patterns that they see in their transactions and in their operations to help inform a potential theft, fraud or money laundering,” said Michael Reed, director of the Blockchain Program at Intel.
FinCEN Files: All you need to know about the documents leak
BBC (21 September 2020)
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54226107
Extract: Leaked documents involving about $2tn of transactions have
revealed how some of the world's biggest banks have allowed criminals to move
dirty money around the world. They also show how Russian oligarchs have used
banks to avoid sanctions that were supposed to stop them getting their money
into the West. It's the latest in a string of leaks over the past five years
that have exposed secret deals, money laundering and financial crime.
What are the FinCEN files? The FinCEN files are more than 2,500 documents, most of which were files that banks sent to the US authorities between 2000 and 2017. They raise concerns about what their clients might be doing. These documents are some of the international banking system's most closely guarded secrets. Banks use them to report suspicious behaviour but they are not proof of wrongdoing or crime. They were leaked to Buzzfeed News and shared with a group that brings together investigative journalists from around the world, which distributed them to 108 news organisations in 88 countries, including the BBC's Panorama programme. Hundreds of journalists have been sifting through the dense, technical documentation, uncovering some of the activities that banks would prefer the public not to know about.
Two acronyms you need to know. FinCEN is the US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These are the people at the US Treasury who combat financial crime. Concerns about transactions made in US dollars need to be sent to FinCEN, even if they took place outside the US. Suspicious activity reports, or SARs, are an example of how those concerns are recorded. A bank must fill in one of these reports if it is worried one of its clients might be up to no good. The report is sent to the authorities.
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